Superconductivity Essay example - 1635 Words

Superconductivity INTRODUCTION Weve all heard about superconductivity. But, do we all know what it is? How it works and what are its uses? To start talking about superconductivity, we must try to understand the how quot;normalquot; conductivity works. This will make it much easier to understand how the quot;superquot; part functions. In the following paragraphs, I will explain how superconductivity works, some of the current problems and some examples of its uses. CONDUCTIVITY Conductivity is the ability of a substance to carry electricity. Some substances like copper, aluminium, silver and gold do it very well. They are called conductors. Others conduct electricity partially and they are called semi-conductors. The concept of†¦show more content†¦The conducting wire is made of vibrating atoms called lattice. The higher the temperature, the more the lattice shakes making it harder for the electrons to travel through that wire. It becomes like a jungle full of obstacles. Some of the electrons will bump with the vibrating atoms and impurities and fly off in all directions and lose energy in form of heat. This is known as friction. This is where superconductivity comes into work. Inside a superconductor, the lattice and the impurities are still there, but their state is much different from that of an ordinary conductor. SUPERCONDUCTIVITY (Theory / history) Superconductivity was discovered in 1911 by Heike Kamerlingh Onnes, a Dutch physicist. It is the ability to conduct electricity without resistance and without loss. At that time, it took liquid helium to get extremely low temperatures to make a substance superconduct, around 4 kelvins. That wasnt very far from absolute Zero (The theoretical temperature at which the atoms and molecules of a substance lose all of their frantic heat-dependent energy and at which all resistance stops short.) Kelvin believed that electrons travelling in a conductor would come to a complete stop as the temperature got close to absolute zero. But others were not so sure. Kelvin was wrong. The colder it gets, the less the lattice shakes, making it easier for electrons to get through. Theres one theory that explains best what happens in a superconducting wire: When a conductor is cooledShow MoreRelated Superconductivity Essay2830 Words   |  12 Pages SUPERCONDUCTIVITY DEFINITION OF SUPERCONDUCTIVITY Superconductivity is a phenomenon displayed by certain conductors that show no resistance to the flow of electric current. Conductors are materials in which the electron current goes through. There are 4 different kinds of conductors. Insulators, like glass or wood, have a very high resistance to electron current while semi-conductors, such as silicon, have a medium resistance. Conductors, like copper and other metals, have very low resistanceRead More The Materials, Properties, and Theory of Superconductivity Essay1504 Words   |  7 PagesThe purpose of this paper is to examine the materials, properties, and theory of superconductivity, a quantum phenomenon that occurs when a material is brought below a critical temperature and will conduct electricity without any resistance, the nearest model in nature to perpetual motion. According to Ecks (1990), Once current is applied to a superconducting material the current will continue in a closed lope without ever losing intensity. (Ecks , 1990) Superconductive materials can greatly varyRead MoreNew Superconductors: Advances, Issues, Limitations Report by Amber Taylor CHME 5699 Dr. Laura1200 Words   |  5 Pagesconsidered for simplicity and relevancy. Introduction and Background Superconductivity was first discovered a century ago in 1908 by Dutch physicist Heike Onnes[1] and is defined in classical physics as â€Å"perfect conductivity† or exactly zero electrical resistance (figure 1). With the discovery of the Meissner Effect in 1933, a new theory of superconductivity was formulated by Fritz and Hein London in 1935 stating superconductivity is a state in which the magnetic field lines of a material are completelyRead MoreEssay about Superconductors1066 Words   |  5 PagesSuperconductivity is a property displayed by certain materials at very low temperatures. Metals and their alloys have been known to be superconductive (ex. Tin, aluminum) other materials that have also been found to be superconductive are ceramics which contain copper and oxygen atoms. Superconductors have a special property which is that they can conduct electricity without resistance which means that energy is not lost. Once in motion, energy can flow through a closed loop of superconductiveRead MoreAdvances in Superconductors and their Uses Essay563 Words   |  3 Pagesdiscoveries of other high-temperature superconductors that exhibit lossless electrical flow at temperatures up to 125 °K. Classical superconductivity (superconductivity at temperatures near absolute zero) is displayed by some metals, including zinc, magnesium, lead, gray tin, aluminum, mercury, and cadmium. Other metals, such as molybdenum, may exhibit superconductivity after high purification. Alloys (e.g., two parts of gold to one part of bismuth) and such compounds as tungsten carbide and lead sulfideRead MoreThe Impact Of Eigenvalues On The Electron Phonon Coupling Strength Of Indium And Its Binary Alloys841 Words   |  4 Pages Core energy eigenvalue, Non-local screened form factor, Harrison’s first principle pseudopotential. INTRODUCTION The electron-phonon coupling strength gives us the superconducting state parameter. The basis of a general quantum theory of superconductivity was given in the year 1957 by Bardeen, Cooper and Schrieffer [1]. After a decade McMillan developed this BCS theory by the concept of pseudopotential [2]. In the present work we have used Harrison s first principle pseudopotential techniqueRead More Physics of Superconductors Essay example1323 Words   |  6 Pagesgiven by the follwoing eqution: Bc ≈ Bc(0) * [1 - (T/Tc)^2] In the early 1900s a duch physicist by the name of Heike Kammerlingh Onnes (pictured above), discovered superconductivity. Before his discovery, Onnes had spent most of his scientific career studying extreme cold. The first step he took toward superconductivity was on July 10, 1908 when he liquified helium and cooled it to an astonishing 4 K, which is roughly the temperature of the background radiation in open space. Using this liquidRead Moresuperconductivity and maglev trains1506 Words   |  7 Pagesno resistance that means there is no loss in energy. Superconductivity creates much more energy than a normal conductor. If a current can be superconducting its flow of electricity will remain continuous. There are 2 types of Superconductors: Type I and Type II. Type I Superconductors are made from pure metals. Type I has a zero electricity resistivity, zero magnetic field, and critical magnetic field above which superconductivity stops. (hyperphysics) Type I Superconductors are oftenRead MoreElectrical Conductors vs Insulators2781 Words   |  12 Pagesit produces losses in the energy flowing through the material. Once set in motion, current will flow forever in a closed loop of superconducting material. If mercury is cooled below 4.1 K, it loses all electric resistance. This discovery of superconductivity by H. Kammerlingh Onnes in 1911 was followed by the observation of other metals which exhibit zero resistivity below a certain critical temperature (Tc). The fact that the resistance is zero has been demonstrated by sustaining currents in superconductingRead MoreAn Inside Look at Superconducting Qubits Essay2028 Words   |  9 Pagesthe capacitor can be simultaneously negative as well as positive. Also the current in the circuit through the inductor can be flowing in both directions at the same time. These are termed as macroscopic quantum coherence effects. 1.1.2 Superconductivity On lowering the temperature of some metals (materials) to a scale of few kelvins the electrons experience a net attractive force amongst themselves. This is attraction is phonon mediated. As a result of bonding between two electrons near

Cesar Chavez and the Chicano Civil Rights Movement

Cesar Chavez and the Chicano Civil Rights Movement Introduction In the mid-1960s thousands of Chicanos, people of Mexican descent, walked off the California grape fields in which they worked in protest of exploitation and poor working conditions. They wanted fair wages, better working conditions, and education for their children. They wanted all the opportunities that were extended to other Americans. Among the disgruntled employees was the soft-spoken Cà ©sar Chà ¡vez, who believed that his people’s plight could be resolved through the mechanism of non-violent protests. Chief among these mechanisms were his firm belief in fasting and non-violent strikes. These beliefs were the combined result of his childhood experiences, significant†¦show more content†¦In addition to their haphazard careers, the issue of racism and segregated schools also affected the quality of education received by Mexican American children. At school, the children were educated through the use of second-class equipment and by teachers who seldom took noti ce of the migrant children passing through. In addition to the attitude of indifference, Mexican American students were consistently barred from practicing their culture. For example, Chà ¡vez noted that he was prohibited from speaking Spanish, and students who disobeyed were made to wear a humiliating sign which declared that they were stupid simply because they spoke Spanish (64). Such acts of racism and the taunting received from Anglo students made the life of Mexican American students miserable. However, the most significant deterrent to the education of Mexican American students was the pressure to quit school in order to earn additional income for their families. For instance, even Chà ¡vez was forced to quit school at the end of the eighth grade to provide additional income for his family (The Rhetorical Career 13). According to Jensen and Hammerback, experiences such as these gave the young Cà ©sar Chà ¡vez a first-hand taste, feel, smell, and touch of the agony and injustices that characterized the life of his people (13). Moreover, these experiences and Cà ©sar’s tenure as a field worker impregnatedShow MoreRelatedRichard Aoki and The Black Power Movements1507 Words   |  7 Pages An individual who was developed from the black power movements, was Richard Aoki, a third generation Japanese American. He had spent time living in the internment camps as a child during the second world war. When he grew up, he became one of the founding members of the Black Pan ther Party, and the only Asian American to have held a formal leadership position as Field Marshall. He worked in the Black Panther party by arming them with weapons and training them in firearm usage. He continued hisRead MoreThe Chicano Subculture Essay635 Words   |  3 Pagesâ€Å"Im not Mexican. I am not American. I am not American in USA and Mexican in Mexico. I am Chicano everywhere. I do not have to assimilate anything. I have my own history†, stated the writer and novelist Carlos Fuentes. The Chicano subculture is the mixture of the Mexican and the American cultures. This subculture has its own history and unique characterizations that make it stand out. According to the Merriam Webster dictonary the word subculture is defined as â€Å"a group that has beliefs and behaviorsRead MoreThe Mexican American Battle For Civil Rights1510 Words   |  7 PagesMarcela Duarte Professor Ramirez Government 2306 November 20, 2015 Chicano Rights The Mexican American battle for civil rights has been long and difficult but alas necessary. Can you imagine living in a prejudice environment and as consequence not being able to exercise your rights as a citizen? The past notion of minorities not having the same rights as the anglo majorities is simply absurd. The injustice that Mexican Americans have experienced in the past is undeniably discriminatory. JusticeRead MoreAnalysis Of Sal Castro And Maria Tula s Hear My Testimony1698 Words   |  7 Pageslarger political pictures. Cesar Chavez was a civil rights activist who organized the earliest Chicano movements. In an essay by Jorge Mariscal, Chavez’s political ideology is explained, â€Å"At its very core was the principle of ‘militant nonviolence.’...the phrase retains a commitment to social change but disassociates that commitment from aggression against other individuals†(Jorge Mariscal, â€Å"Cà ©sar: Cà ©sar Chà ¡vez in the Chicano Movement†). This quote demonstrates that chavez wanted things to change becauseRead MoreMexican Civit Rights Movement 1940s Vs Chicano Movement 1960s592 Words   |  2 PagesOne of the many similarities about the Mexican American Civil Rights movements and the Chicano Movement in the 60s- 70s is that they fought for what they believed they had a right to have. Many in the 1940’s and in the 1960’s stepped up to show their loyalty to the United States by joining the military and sadly manly lost their lives during World Wa r II and the Vietnam War. They were many Mexican Americans who were stationed in infantry and many dangerous areas during the war. They all fought withRead MoreThe Revolt Of The Cockroach People1917 Words   |  8 Pagesdiverted, and adapted into what people chose to identify as. The rise of the Chicano identity during the Mexican American Civil Rights Movement was an adaptation as a culture to oppressive and unjust treatment from white, Anglos that had almost all political and social power over all minorities. To stop the oppressive voices from silencing and oppressing the Mexican Americans, they had to stand up to fight for their rights as American citizens that also had Mexican or Spanish heritage to be proud ofRead MoreThe Chicano Movement Of The United States987 Words   |  4 PagesDuring the late sixties and early seventies, a Mexican - American movement was taking place in the United States, The Chicano movement. This movement takes place because of the Mexican American so ciety s suppression in the country. Indeed, during the years, 1966 to 1981 was a period where the Mexican American society was looking for equality and justice from the Government of the United States. In fact, they will start to organize their own communities, where the Government will accept their newRead MoreThe Chicano Movement : A Unique, Dramatic, And Multifaceted Social Struggle Of Affirmation1756 Words   |  8 Pagesthe Chicano community undertook a unique, dramatic, and multifaceted social struggle of affirmation. This historic phase became more and more varied and complex then previous struggles (Maciel, 2010). Mexican Americans took movement, defined and took pride in their own identity, asserted their civil rights, worked toward self-determination by improving their financial, social, and political circumstances. â€Å"Similar to other movements of this period promoting civil rights, the Chicano movement madeRead More The Chicano Movement: Struggles, Goals, and Accomplishments Essay examples1537 Words   |  7 PagesIn American history, civil rights movements have played a major role for many ethnics in the United States and have shape American society to what it is today. The impact of civil rights movements is tremendous and to an extent, they accomplish the objectives that the groups of people set out to achieve. The Mexican-American Civil Rights Movement, more commonly known as the Chicano Movement or El Movimiento, was one of the many movements in the United States that set out to obtain equality for Mexican-AmericansRead MoreHispanic Groups in USA Essay1502 Words   |  7 Pagest he Mexican American Civil Rights movement spearheaded by Mendoza, V. â€Å"†¦Reies Là ³pez Tijerina and the land grant movement, is picked up by Rodolfo Corky Gonzales in Denver who defines the meaning of Chicano through his epic poem I am Joaquin, embraces Cà ©sar Chà ¡vez and the farm workers†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (2000). The movement as defined by Mendoza, V. â€Å"The Mexican American Civil Rights Movement†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"†¦encompassed a broad cross section of issues—from restoration of land grants, to farm workers rights, to enhanced education

Love Canal Environmental Disaster Essay Research Paper free essay sample

Love Canal- Environmental Disaster Essay, Research Paper Love Canal Love? s Model City The Model City ( melody of Yankee Doodle ) Everybody? s semen to town, They? R edifice now a great large ditch, Those left we all do commiseration, Through soil and stone so farinaceous, For we? ll have a jolly clip, They say? twill make all really rich At Love? s new Motel City Who live in Model City This narrative I tell is no less true, Our male childs are bright and good to make, Though in a cockamamie ditty, Our misss are smart and reasonably, They give free sites and power excessively, They can non assist it nor could you, In Love? s new Model City If you lived in Model City Then come and fall in our earnest set, All who are wise and witty, Here? s out bosom and here? s our manus, To construct the Model metropolis. Water is a necessity for life. Throughout the growing of civilisation, communities sprang up near the border of waterways. Runing rivers and standing lakes provided clean imbibing H2O, nutrient and energy for people. It was running H2O that set the cogwheels working in the caput of the magnetic enterpriser William. T. Love. In 1890? s, Love saw a 20000 acre community in Niagara county as his secret plan for his Utopian? Model City? . Love? s Model City would be located 7.5 stat mis off from Niagara River. A power canal seven stat mis long would link the town with the upper and lower degrees of Niagara River The channeled H2O would be lead to the Lewiston escarpment which would make a mini Niagara Falls therefore making a major power beginning for the Model City. Page 2 This would make a great sum of hydroelectric power in a clip which mills must be located near their power beginning. In January 1893, William Love went to Albany to politick for a charter for his theoretical account metropolis. He did so by turn toing both the senate and the assembly in a joint session, a first for a private citizen. A really broad charter was granted which gave him the right to? get by disapprobation any necessary belongingss? . ( 27, Zweig ) Love gained the fiscal backup from banking giants in New York, Chicago and London. ( 25, Zweig ) With the charter now in manus, Love extensively promoted his theoretical account metropolis through ads, handbills and even? brass bands playing his original ditty. ? ( 2, Love Canal Report ) Manufacturers rapidly lined up to open workss along the canal. May 1894, building in the LaSalle country began. The proposed canal would be 80ft widex30ft deep. 3,000 pess was excavated when Love? s dream collapsed. A fiscal depression hit the state in 1896, detering the necessary fiscal angels. This was the most important factor explicating the undertakings death. Another factor had Ts do with the power beginning. Louis Tesh discovered a manner to convey electrical current economically over a distance utilizing jumping current. Now factories did non hold to pay for expensive secret plans of land near power beginnings. His angels deserted him ; the staying land was auctioned in 1910. The lone remain of Love? s dream Model City was a partly built canal. Several decennaries afterwards, it served as a swimming hole for the kids of the LaSalle territory. ( 6, Love Canal Report ) In the 1920? s it became a dumping and municipal disposal site, Page 3 ? chemicals of an unknown sort and measure were buried at the site for 25-30 twelvemonth period until 1953? ( 3, Love Canal Report ) Within 50 old ages, love canal went from being a magnetic enterprisers dream to a toxic homo and environmental catastrophe and the fingers and statute law point straight at the dump trucks. It is estimated that love canal received 22000 tones of chemical waste. ( 44, Zweig ) The four chief dump trucks was the metropolis of Niagara, Hooker Electrochemical Co, Niagara Power and Development Corp. , and the Army, under the screen of a ceramics works. The Army owned the Niagara Falls Chemical Warfare Plant, which used the screen of a ceramics works at the clip. Production merely of one individual merchandise that was a substance called? impregnite? . Once sprayed on apparels, the stuff was impermeable from chemical warfare emanations. Ironically, they were fabricating a substance to protect human existences from toxic chemical contact while their dumping helped seed the seeds for another toxic chemical catastrophe. Even during the clip the works was in operation, pollutants from the workss were spewed out into the air. Chlorine and acetic acid was the chief waste merchandise that efficaciously defoliated all the nearby trees. Although in the 1940? s emanations were mostly unregulated, the community continued to kick. It wasn? T until the mill operation was complete that smoke stack scrubbers were ordered. ( 122, Zweig ) The shit was so filled in with soil and sold by the metropolis of Niagara to contractors for a $ 1. ( Stoss ) In the late 1950? s place edifice began. Thirty old ages after Page 4 dumping, 100 places were built around the canal and an simple school was built on top. ? And so the rain? s came? ? ( 2, Love Canal Report ) In 1975-76, heavy precipitation drenched the country. Parts of the landfill subsided uncovering 55-gallon membranophones. Basements began to seep black oily liquids and a chemical olfactory property seemed to pervade the town with beginnings from their cellars. Corrosion was apparent on concrete cellar walls and managed to destruct most of the plumbing. In 1977 ailments poured into the Health Department about chemical odors wafting through the walls for their cellars. In the early spring of 1978, the State Department of Health and Environmental Conservation and the Environmental protection bureau began an intensive sampling of the air, dirt and groundwater. They concluded that Love Canal was a? public wellness clip bomb? ( 6, Love canal study ) April 1978 ; both bureaus gathered plenty informations to name Love Canal? ? an highly serious menace to the wellness and public assistance of the people? ( 6, Love Canal Report ) The information gathered identified 80 chemical compounds in the site samples. ? Eleven of these are known or suspected of doing cancerous growing in research lab animate beings, and one # 8211 ; benzene # 8211 ; is a good established human carcinogen. ? ( 11, Love Canal Report ) The listing of chemicals has some kind of consequence on all of adult male? s physiologic systems. The chronic effects range from, anaemia, sightlessness, hearing loss, respiratory hurt, and liver tumours to decease. Acute effects of most chemicals present include paroxysms, cardinal nervous depression, skin annoyances, hepatitis, GI harm and liver harm. ( 12, Love Canal Report ) Page 5 The places were categorized into pealing 1 and pealing 2 places. Ringing 1 being the places at the border of the canal and pealing 2 places around the margin. The cellar proving reveals a lower chemicals level in the outlying places. In the ring 1 places, merely 5 % were contaminate free compared to 55 % of pealing 2 places. The dirt samples and progressive air samples show some migration due south. ( 15, Love Canal Report ) The Health Departments selected four wellness indexs: abortions, birth defects, liver map, and blood quicksilver degrees. The quicksilver degrees were normal in all consequences. Chemicals that were present in the country contribute to the function of malignant neoplastic disease or liver harm. During the Pre-natal period, the babes had a alone susceptibleness to the chemicals. Womans in the south subdivision particularly had a high rate of birth defects, 3.4 times higher than the remainder of the state. The kids of love canal were hit the hardest. Many died of failed liver map, leukaemia and being stillborn. To day of the month 41 kids have died to associate chemical exposure. Page 6 The program of action was to relocate the community. Even before the probe was complete, the Department of Transportation existent estate experts were happening new places. In 1978, the subdivision of Love Canal had 97 households, 230 pupils and 134 kids. The simple school had an registration of 410 pupils. Within two old ages, the places in pealing 1 and 2 have alternate places provided by the authorities, although some people chose to remain. In 1980, Congress passed the Superfund Act making an bureau to clean up toxic waste sites and punish those responsible. Love Canal had a great influence over this act. Love canal may non be the worst toxic instance or the first but it was the most publized. It grabbed headlines and stimulated the attending of scientists, industrial leaders, politicians, attorneies, authorities officals, householders and grassroots militants. ( Stoss ) The quite unusual stoping for Love Canal is that people are traveling back into the country. The country had some redress. Today the waterway is buried off under a plastic line drive, clay and surface soil. Love canal itself is fenced away. The EPA has declared the country safe and places are now being resold. The name of the town has changed to Black Creek Village. ( Tuchman ) The new abodes really feel safe in the country, claiming they live in the most environmentally tested community. Resident Trudy Christmas said, ? This is the most tried piece of existent estate in the United States? . ( Tuchman ) She goes on stating that many people wear? t even know the wellness hazards around them, at least she knows. The site of kids running about troubles many former Love Canal abodes that returns to see. Many of them still have fresh lesions from watching their serious and fatally sick kids Page 7 seeking to hold on on to life. Love canal may hold a new name, it may be contained but fictile interruptions. Soil caps have leaks. It may be true that we are populating around chemicals everyplace but I would prefer to remain manner from countries that contains 22000 tones of potentially deadly chemicals that are buried in my backyard. It? s another clip bomb waiting to go on. Work Sited Stoss, Fredrick. ? Love Canal: Reminder Why we Celebrate Earth Day? 1998. Online. University at Buffalo. Internet. Available: Library.ucsb.edu/ish/00~spring/article2.html Tuchman, Gary. ? CNN- Despite Toxic History, Residents Return to Love Canal? 1998. Online. CNN. Internet. Available: cnn.com/US/9808/07/love.canal/ United States. Department of Health. Love Canal Report: Public Health Time Bomb New York: 1980 Zweig, Micheal. United States. The Assembly State of New York. The Federal Connection: A history of the US Military Involvement in the Toxic Contamination of Love Canal and the Niagara Frontier part. Volume 1. New York: January, 1981

Swot Analysis Fist in Show Pet Food Inc free essay sample

There is significant lack of awareness of Show Circuit’s brand outside of show-dog kennels. Show-dog customers are likely to visit Pet Superstores/Veterinarians; affecting market share of approximately 26%, meaning that Show Circuit will lose out on these customers because of lack of or no freezer space at these locations (stores)| With a budget of $500,000 to $700,000 the company is significantly dwarfed by its competitors who are problematic especially if the competition increases its budget in light of new product competition. The Late Night TV show (Letterman) creates further budgetary problems for the company which pays a fortune to be on the show. Because of this large expenditure a significant amount of the target market will be excluded. | R/D is necessary to identify and usher in the next wave of lucrative development as people and products diminish in interest and competition respectively. There is new research being conducted to explore new product line for the already identified target market, which means the company has to stay current in R/D in order to increase sales. We will write a custom essay sample on Swot Analysis Fist in Show Pet Food Inc or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Market Segmentation is a determining factor for First in Show Pet Foods Inc, the company can fail due to Market Segmentation because the target market which brings in $25, 000 per year are likely to shop elsewhere, such as Wal-Mat which many pet owners frequent. | Shoppers/Customers may be turned off by high prices being displayed as they grocery shop, because Show Circuit’s prices are among the highest for dog foods especially at Boston supermarkets.Some products are not well known and some are unknown to shoppers which means shoppers who visit the pet food area will miss out because Show Circuit frozen food section is along the human food section. | External Opportunities and Threats SWOT| Economic| Competition| ConsumerTrends| IndustryMarket Share| Regulatory Requirements| External Opportunities| The Market is worth $10 Billion (2009) at Manufactures price. 50% of dogs in the US are fed food that is prepared, and 50% of the dog food market is unknown or unexplored to the public.As dog ownership grows, purchasing of high quality products will increase especially as dog owners incorporate their pets into the family. | Five major competitors exist and only three of the five have inside supermarket operations. The competition has basically relied on dry, canned, and dog treats, which gives First in Show an opportunity to grow and excel as the company of choice offering frozen dog food. | The trend indicates that consumers are willing to spend money on their pets which they accepts as part of the family, a trend which has been on the rise since 2006, and which continues to rise.This means that the market will become more define d as consumers continue to purchase dogs and choose the right food them. This is an untapped market which is becoming more defined with time. | 100% of dog food sales in supermarkets are focused on dry, canned, specialty dog treats. Current market share of frozen dog food is relatively 0%. Only five companies control the dog food market which amounts to 75% combined.

Problemas en las aduanas al entrar a Estados Unidos

Problemas en las aduanas al entrar a Estados Unidos Entrar en Estados Unidos no siempre es posible, aunque se tengan todos los documentos en regla. Y es que cuando un extranjero se presenta en las aduanas puede suceder que no se le permita entrar, por considerarlo inadmisible. Esto puede suceder no sà ³lo con extranjeros que intentan llegar al paà ­s usando pasaportes o visas falsas, sino tambià ©n con aquellos que cuentan con una visa vlida sin expirar, o que viajan sin visa porque pertenecen a un paà ­s acogido al Programa de Exencià ³n de Visas. Esto ocurre porque el oficial de Proteccià ³n de Aduanas y Fronteras (CBP, por sus siglas en inglà ©s) tiene la à ºltima palabra para decidir quià ©n entra a Estados Unidos y quià ©n no. Causas por las que se prohà ­be entrar en Estados Unidos Las causas son variadà ­simas y pueden ir desde que se ha intentado utilizar un pasaporte o una visa falsa a alegar ser ciudadano americano cuando no es verdad. O haber tenido una presencia ilegal con anterioridad, haber cometido delitos agravados o inmorales o ser un peligro para la seguridad del paà ­s. Incluso posesià ³n de marihuana por ms de 30 gramos para consumo personal. Tambià ©n es posible que la visa està © cancelada o revocada aunque su titular no lo sepa. Si sospecha que ese puede ser su caso, es recomendable obtener un rà ©cord de inmigracià ³n o si no tiene ni idea de cul puede el problema. Y por supuesto que puede suceder que se niegue el ingreso a Estados Unidos porque el extranjero no est utilizando la visa correcta. Por ejemplo, pretende entrar con visa de turista para casarse. O quiere estudiar en el high school o en la universidad o en academia de inglà ©s pero pero llega sin visado si es de un paà ­s como Chile o Espaà ±a o tiene uno de turista.   Incluso circunstancias como ser una amenaza a la salud pà ºblica por padecer ciertas enfermedades o generar la sospecha en el oficial de la CBP de que se tiene la intencià ³n de violar la visa y quedarse en el paà ­s por ms tiempo del autorizado.   Para evaluar si existe un problema que convierte a una persona en inelegible para la visa que trae o en inadmisible para ingresar a Estados Unidos, el oficial migratorio realiza, como mà ­nimo una pregunta. Estos son 7 ejemplos tà ­picos. Y a continuacià ³n puede decidir permitir el ingreso, enviar a la persona a una segunda inspeccià ³n (el famoso cuartito) o decidir regresarlo. Quà © sucede cuando la CBP no permite la entrada Pueden ocurrir los siguientes escenarios: El extranjero es objeto de una expulsià ³n inmediata. Es lo que se conoce en inglà ©s como expedited removal. Sà ³lo en el caso de que se tenga una visa vlida puede suceder que el oficial de aduanas prefiera que la decisià ³n final la tome un juez de inmigracià ³n. En este caso se entregar una citacià ³n en una corte con jurisdiccià ³n en el lugar de destino final del extranjero. O tambià ©n puede suceder que se le conceda la oportunidad de retirar su peticià ³n para entrar a Estados Unidos. Es lo que se conocen inglà ©s como permission to withdraw his/her application for admission. Esta opcià ³n es ms ventajosa que la de la expulsià ³n inmediata. Hay que entender que retirar la peticià ³n para entrar no es un derecho, sino que es un privilegio que concede a su discrecià ³n el oficial de la CBP a cargo. Para concederla tendr en cuenta distintos factores como que el extranjero no tiene intencià ³n de violar la ley, que la causa por la que es inadmisible es leve y puede ser subsanada y tambià ©n circunstancias humanitarias como su edad y salud. Si decide darle la oportunidad de retirar la peticià ³n para entrar en Estados Unidos entonces el oficial de inmigracià ³n completar la forma I-275, que cancela la visa, y en la que se especifica claramente la causa de la inadmisibilidad. A esta forma se adjuntar una declaracià ³n jurada del extranjero. Adems se le explicar quà © debe hacer para corregir el problema que en esa ocasià ³n ha impedido que pudiese entrar a Estados Unidos. Por ejemplo, si la razà ³n es que fue condenado por un delito inmoral, se le dir que debe rellenar la planilla  I-192 para subsanar este problema. Consecuencias de problemas graves en el control migratorio La persona que es objeto de una expulsià ³n inmediata no podr regresar al paà ­s por un periodo de cinco aà ±os. Si desea regresar antes deber pedir un perdà ³n o waiver que se concede en casos muy especà ­ficos. Por el contrario, el extranjero al que se le permite retirar su peticià ³n de entrada al paà ­s no se le prohibe regresar por ningà ºn periodo de tiempo ni tiene que pedir permiso previo para volver a intentar entrar. Lo que sà ­ es muy aconsejable es que analice la forma I-275 donde se especifica la causa de inadmisibilidad y que solucione ese problema antes de ponerse de nuevo en marcha hacia Estados Unidos.Y pedir una visa nueva, porque precisamente ese formulario cancelà ³ la que se tenà ­a. A tener en cuenta para los residentes permanentes Los residentes permanentes legales que pasen en el extranjero ms de un aà ±o sin contar con el debido permiso y luego intentan regresar al paà ­s usando su green card se encontrarn con que la CBP considerar que han perdido su estatus de residentes. En estos se les permitir abandonar voluntariamente su condicià ³n de titulares de una tarjeta de residencia legal rellenando el formulario I-407. Si asà ­ lo hacen, pierden la residencia. Si se oponen a ello, les ser entregada una nota para comparecer ante un juez de inmigracià ³n, que ser quien decida si pueden conservar su estatus o si lo han perdido definitivamente. Informacià ³n que puede interesar En la frontera o aeropuerto se puede solicitar asilo pero en la realidad est habiendo muchos problemas en los puntos de control migratorio en la frontera con Mà ©xico. Recordar que hay dos controles: el de inmigracià ³n y el de aduanas. No se debe  traer productos prohibidos y conviene estar enterado de regulaciones como la que gobierna cunto alcohol se puede  llevar  y de cunto dinero se puede  ingresar a Estados Unidos sin declarar. Test de respuestas mà ºltiples para despejar dudas Es altamente recomendable tomar este  quiz, trivial o test sobre visas  para asegurarte  de que sabes lo fundamental para obtener y conservar los visados. Este es un artà ­culo informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal.

5 Great Short Story Tips for Writers - Proofeds Writing Tips

5 Great Short Story Tips for Writers - Proofeds Writing Tips 5 Great Short Story Tips for Writers Short stories are a great way to hone your writing skills before setting to work on your long-planned novel. They’re also an art form in themselves. Whatever your motivation for writing, though, we have some great short story tips for authors. Read on to find out more! 1. Some Stories Are Shorter than Others A short story will typically be between 1,500 and 7,500 words long. However, some are longer and others are as short as a single sentence. It is up to you! You can see how different short stories are sometimes classified, as well as how these compare to a novel, below: Fiction Format Average Length Microfiction Under 100 words Flash fiction 100 to 1,000 words Short story 1,000 to 7,500 words Novelette 7,500 to 17,500 words Novella 17,500 to 50,000 words Novel 50,000 words or more Before you start writing, think about which format to use and set yourself a word limit. This can work as a guideline when planning your story. 2. Work with Limitations To make sure your short story doesn’t accidentally grow into a novella, set some limitations on the plot as well as the word count. These could be physical (e.g., a story that takes place in a single room) or time based (e.g., a story that takes place in a single day). You could even set a limitation on the number of characters or â€Å"scenes† that your short story will involve. Whatever limitation you choose, working with a narrower scope will help you focus on the core of your story. 3. Think About the World of the Story The best short stories feel like they belong to a larger, lived-in world. You won’t have space to explain this world fully, but you can think about how it would shape the tale you are telling. Make notes about the history of your characters and the world they belong to before you begin writing. This can give you a better sense of what they are like and how they would interact with one another. You can even hint at this by alluding to your characters’ pasts in your writing. 4. Edit Ruthlessly! Thanks to the limitations of a short story, you will almost certainly write too much on your first draft. This is completely fine. The key is to take what you’ve written and then refine it. Think about cutting anything that isn’t essential to the story you’re telling. And remember the old advice about showing, not telling: i.e., that it is better to use action to show how a character feels than telling the reader directly. In a short story, this can also help cut down on unnecessary narration. 5. Look for a Publisher If you are proud of your short story, you might want to share it with the world! Check out some of the many magazines and blogs that feature short stories. Once you find one that carries the same type or genre of writing as your own, look up their rules for submitting stories and follow these closely.

Management - Service Package Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Management - Service Package - Essay Example An elderly care center is a specialized place designed to take care of elderly people in the society. Therefore, a number of supporting facilities must be taken care of before elderly people are admitted into the elderly care center. In some states, it is a requirement that all elderly care centers comply with state regulations concerning the nursing home reform act. Supporting facilities Supporting facilities refer to physical resources that must be in place before a service can be given out. A key component of facilitating goods encompasses architectural appropriateness, which means that the structures should be tailored according to the needs of the elderly people. In terms of architecture, the houses should be constructed in line with the prevailing climatic conditions of the place where the elderly care centre will be located (White & Duncan 263). The houses should encompass various rooms with washrooms, which are well maintained to cater for the needs of the elderly. The archit ectural design should provide for facilities such as places where the elderly can rest whenever they want to relax. The interior decor should consist of quality furniture and the house should be well decorated. The tables, sofas, and other furniture should be made with appropriate designs and from quality timber. The layout of the facility should be placed in a location with a good flow of traffic to avoid any unnecessary disturbance to the elderly. Other essential supporting facilities include facilities to ensure safety against fire, grab bars in bathrooms and toilets, private toilets and bathrooms, safes, and locked drawers. The houses should also be equipped with supporting facilities such as temperature controls and heating facilities. Other supporting facilities include fitness rooms, libraries, activity rooms, theatres, open grounds for exercises, and walking facilities for persons with walking problems (White & Duncan 268). To improve on security within the housing facility, wander alert systems, alarmed exits, automated fire sprinkler systems, and enclosed yards should be considered. Facilitating goods Facilitating goods refer to goods consumed by buyer or goods as well as materials purchased and consumed by the providers of services. The facilitating goods necessary in an elderly care centre include quality mattresses and warm blankets. Quality will ensure that the elderly feel comfortable when they sleep while the warm blankets will significantly reduce the chances of them to feel cold. Sleeping in a comfortable place can reduce the chances of conditions such as backaches and flu. The caregivers should also be provided with mattresses of high quality as well as warm blankets. This will ensure that they do not have any hindrance while providing services to the elderly (Johnston & Clark 32). Other essential facilitating goods, which should be made available in the elderly care centre, include toothpaste, shampoo, as well as uniforms for the elders and caregivers. Toothpaste and shampoo are essential goods, which ensure the general well being and hygiene in the elderly care centre. Uniforms should be provided as they play an essential role in identifying both the caregivers and the elders. This helps in differentiating between the elderly and caregivers. Service explicit The explicit services refer to benefits, which can be observed and felt with the use of the senses. The achievement of explicit services calls for the employment of qualified caregivers who can treat

Unwritten Constitution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Unwritten Constitution - Essay Example Paine’s definition of constitution is based upon 4 premises: 1. the constitution precedes and establishes the system of government; 2. the people are the superior authority; 3. the constitution binds the Legislature and the Judiciary; 4. it is entrenched, designed to limit the powers of the Executive, and can only be changed by special procedures. Wheare, (1966), defines a constitution as: â€Å"[T]he whole system of government of a country, the collection of rules which establish and regulate or govern the government.† The Select Committee on the Constitution appointed in 2001 uses the following working definition: â€Å"[T]he set of laws, rules and practices that create the basic institutions of the state, and its component and related parts, and stipulate the powers of those institutions and the relationship between the different institutions and between those institutions and the individual.† In most constitutions a concentration of powers is avoided by keeping the legislature, executive and judicial powers separate. This ensures that certain rights of the citizen are beyond the reach of the organs of government and are entrenched by requiring a special legislative procedure if they are to be amended. However, commentators in the UK prefer a wider definition. ... Further as Bradley & Ewing point out: "In practice, a written constitution does not contain all the detailed rules upon which a government depends."6 The jurist and legal historian, Lord Hailsham believes that a written constitution is not necessary pointing out that: "The essential ingredientsare a strong executive based on an omnicompetent and elective legislatureregular electionspowerful and independent oppositionand limitedby convention and precedentand regulated more by checks and balances deriving from political constraints and necessities than by a written legal code policed by a Supreme Court."7 It is misleading to refer to the British Constitution as 'unwritten': "from the Magna Carta to the Local Government Acts most of our constitutional law is contained somewhere in the growing volumes of written Acts of Parliament."8 Hailsham sees no particular reason for a codified constitution since he argues that: "Throughout our history, our Constitution has proved flexible, sensitive and almost infinitely capable of evolutionary adaptation. "9 The flexibility of an 'unwritten' constitution allows the people to vote out the Executive when necessary and for majority rule. Countries with written constitutions have the equivalent of a Constitutional Court which has a remit to amend the constitution.10 "It is an axiom of our constitutional law that no parliament may bind its successor.A traditional constitution, changing and evolving with the needs of a nation, may well prove more flexible and practical than the legal strait-jacket imposed by a 'written Constitution'."11 As examples Hailsham looks at the first two articles of

A Thousand Splendid Suns Narrative Strategies Essay Example for Free

A Thousand Splendid Suns Narrative Strategies Essay A Thousand Splendid Suns the reader would think its a happy novel, however theres nothing particularly splendid one would assume about the novel. From the very beginning of the novel the author, Khaled Hosseini inserts hints and foreshadowing to aware the reader that it will be an unhappy story. This is evident in the following illustration when Mariam breaks the sugar bowl , It was the last peice that slipped from Mariams fingers, that fell to the wooden floorboards of thekolba and shattered (Hosseini 2). Hosseini is generating depressing emotions in the novel by introducing words fell or shattered resembling failure or sin. The reader also gets introduced to the word Harami and other words, such as kolba and Jinn which are terms not identified by the author, so the reader must rely on the context to better understand what the word means. For example, when Mariam expresses the fear that the jinn has returned to her mother, the reader will assume that jinn is something bad. The use of these terms establishes the setting , but also signifies that some things cannot be translated remaining a mystery for the reader. In the novel , Hosseini makes the reader live, see and feel by portraying the experiences the characters are going through in the novel, and by writing from a third person point of view , he broadens the readers ability because the perspective of the characters is limited, sometimes Mariam, sometimes Laila, which works to great effect to attach the reader to both characters equally.

Friendship in the Kite Runner Essay examples -- Literary Analysis

The line between a friend and an enemy is thinner than one can ever imagine. In the words of Henry David Thoreau, "True friendship is never serene" (ThinkExist.com). The job of a friend is so much more than a companion, to pass the time with. They help us shape our life, and they're responsible to be that little voice in our ear, to help us analyze our actions and views. Through Amir's relationships, The Kite Runner shows the true role of a friend to point and guide us even when we don't agree; total devotion can ruin not only a friendship, but a life. In Hossini's novel, there are plenty of examples of a true friendship, which isn't afraid to criticize and be truthful. The simplest is Amir's wife, Soraya. While some would say her marriage to Amir isn't a true love match, but rather an arranged marriage, they are absolutely in love. She isn't afraid, however, to tell Amir of "what happened in Virginia" (Hosseini 456). She trusts Amir to understand, and to talk to her as a friend. He doesn't try to make what she did right, but instead he praises her courage as "one of many ways in which Soraya Taheri was a better person than me" (Hosseini 424). Because of this friendship, their relationship becomes an exchange. Amir tells her his entire story about Hassan and his guilt, and she helps him through his emotional reconciliation with that, by taking in Sohrab and helping bring him to America. They have no secrets, nothing goes unspoken, and they help each other. While their love might not be viewed as perfect, they temper it wi th enough truth to keep each other on the right path. An often overlooked character, a simple Afghan family man, shows Amir more "tough" than "tough love," but still turns out to be a true friend... ...le for the past, and to make up for a broken friendship. By contrasting these relationships, Hosseini proves that healthy relationships require an even measure of disagreement, correction, and help to stay afloat. Works Cited Hosseini, Khaled. The Kite Runner. iBookstore. New York: Penguin eBooks, 2004. LaFollete, Hugh. "Pragmatic Ethics." 2007. Blackwell Guide to Ethical Theory. 12 January 2010 . Princeton University WordNet. Lexicon Dictionary Search. 20 December 2010. 2011 January 16 . Simon & Garfunkel. "The Dangling Conversation." Parsley, Sage, Rosemary and Thyme. By Paul Simon. Columbia Records, 1966. ThinkExist.com. Quotes on Friendship. 13 July 2002. 12 January 2011 .

Children in Crisis Essay

When one thinks of people in crisis, children are usually the furthest thing from their mind. The fact is that children endure crisis just the same as adults. The difference is that their coping skills are limited due to the fact that their brains are not fully developed and their cognitive abilities are limited. Children endure crisis in all kinds of ways. Some have been traumatized due to a natural disaster, others by divorce, death, foster care, asthma or because of a mental disorder. This paper will discuss some of the different types of crisis that children endure and the effect that the crisis has had on their lives. Children in Crisis Everyone has encountered a crisis at some point in their life. What might be a crisis for one individual is not a crisis for another. A crisis can be defined as â€Å"a perception or experiencing of an event or situation as an intolerable difficulty that exceeds the person’s current resources and coping mechanisms† (James, 2008, p. 3). If an individual does not get help with overcoming their crisis then the crisis could have a severe impact on their behavior as well as their cognitive functioning. James, 2008) A crisis becomes a crisis in ones life because they do not have the knowledge of how to handle or deal with their current situation. They are often times paralyzed emotionally and mentally which leaves them feeling out of control of their lives. When one thinks of people in crisis, children do not usually cross their mind. The truth of the matter is that children endure crisis just like adults do. Most adult who experience a crisis are unable to help their self and they definitely are not going to be able to help their children. Children do not have the same coping skills as adults and often times end up needing psychiatric treatment as a result of crisis in their lives. Children can endure crisis in many ways. Some, but not all, of these ways are through experiencing natural/man-made disasters, others by divorce of their parents, death of a friend or relative, being placed in foster care, having a childhood illness such as asthma or because of a mental disorder. These children, like adults, need help to therapeutically process through the crisis in their lives. Crisis most always means that one has lost someone or something. Children need help accepting their losses and expressing their painful emotions in appropriate ways. Children are resilient, but they also experience feelings of fear, anxiety, guilt, anger and sorrow. It is important to help children understand that enduring crisis is an opportunity to see God at work in their life. Types of Crisis That Children Endure A natural or man-made disaster is something that many children across the United States have had to deal with. Many of these disasters have been compounded by having a crisis within a crisis. An example of this would be the traumatic events of September 11, 2001. This was a crisis that no one was prepared for and unfortunately because of those who died in this horrible attack, many children were left without one or both of their parents. These type of events leave children â€Å"terrified, not only by the event, but by their own thoughts and feelings† (Gaffney, 2006, p. 1005) regarding the event. Children who experience this type of crisis often seem as though they have lost touch with reality. They might not be able to clearly communicate about the crisis and many times are mistakenly labeled as â€Å"poor historians† (Gaffney, 2006) because they are not able to sequence the event correctly. This is because the child’s â€Å"brain’s ability to process, retain, and recall information has been compromised by the trauma† (Gaffney, 2006, p. 1006). They have trouble identifying their feelings and placing appropriate emotions with those feelings. This leaves the child with unresolved issues and a picture in their mind that they are unable to verbally describe. It is expected that children who endure this type of trauma will â€Å"exhibit transient to long-term behavior changes† (Gaffney, 2006, p. 1010). This behavioral change can be anything from biting their lip to withdrawing socially. In order for the child to begin the healing process after a natural or man-made disaster, one must help them to understand that they will never forget the people or things they have lost, but their pain will become easier as time goes by. Divorce is another crisis that many children endure that leaves them in a shattered world of hopes and dreams. Divorce for a child means that life as they once knew it will never be the same. Children who have parents that divorce often times have to begin living new lives. They are required to conform to two different standards of living which represent two different sets of values. These children are experiencing conflict at all times due to having disgruntled parents. These parents lose their ability to support their children because they are focused on their own feelings of not being supported by their spouse. Divorce can create loyalty issues for the children and cause them to feel as though they have to take sides and dislike the other parent. A divorce can interrupt a child’s emotional and educational development. A child’s age will cause them to respond to divorce differently. Preschool children â€Å"have an incomplete and confused understanding of what has caused such a radical change in the family routine† (Henning, 1977, p. 55). The child’s ability to cope is very limited and the most common emotion that they experience is fear. They are unable to verbalize their feelings, but replay pictures in their mind of the verbal and sometimes physically abuse they have witnessed. School aged children are magical thinkers and envision the parents getting back together by working out their problems. These children are easily manipulated by gifts or tokens and like the idea of being able to â€Å"get whatever they want† (Henning, 1977) from the other parent. These children often worry about who will care for them if the other parent dies or becomes ill. Adolescent children are more prone to experience anger and depression during times of divorce. These children are more apt to participate in deviant behavior as a way of expressing their emotions concerning the divorce. Their academics suffer and students who were making good grades begin to fail. The biggest issue for â€Å"children during the divorce process is that the adults involved in marital strife are not looking for ways in which to help their children adjust to the transition, but are searching for ways to implement their own personal life readjustment† (Henning, 1997, p. 56). Experiencing divorce can actually be a form of death in a child’s life. The death of a parent, friend or loved one is one of the most disturbing experiences that a child will ever face. Death, especially of a parent, leaves the child feeling scared and alone. They do not believe that others truly understand what they are feeling. They desire for the one they have lost to return to them. This often leaves the child with painful memories of their loved one. Children will â€Å"cry easily, lose interest in eating, or experience physical discomfort† (Gaffney, 2006, p. 1008). In order for these children to heal, they must first deal with the symptoms they are experiencing as a result of their traumatic event. Then they must have help walking through the grieving process. Gaffney, 2006) This same grieving process is experienced by children who have been placed into foster care. Although their parents have not physically died, their life as they once knew it has. It is reported that approximately â€Å"40,000 children in the United States live in out-of-home residential care facilities† (Ulrich, 2005, p. 13). This does not include the number of children that are entering therapeutic foster homes on a daily basis. These children are removed from their homes, families and environments to be placed in unfamiliar surroundings. Then these children are expected to flourish. These children enter into a state of crisis because they feel that both them â€Å"and the situation are about to be out of control† (Smiar, 1992, p. 149). They are told that they now have a new family, will start a new school, and have to make new friends. They are told by their caseworker that they can trust them. Then the child finds out that the caseworker has moved on and a new caseworker has been assigned to their case. This was the individual who was supposed to be â€Å"responsible for their safety, stability, well-being and permanence† (Strolin-Goltzman, 2010, p. 7), yet they are now gone. This creates problems related to emotional and physical stability for these children. They have lost trust in the adults in their life due to a series of unhealthy relationships and take on a non-caring attitude. This non-caring attitude will often cost the child their current placement mainly if the family is not prepared to handle aggressive, defiant behavior. These particu lar children spend the remainder of their time in foster care moving from placement to placement. Their life is forever changed at the hand of â€Å"caring adults† who want them to experience a better life. It is the constant changing in one’s life along with unresolved emotional issues that cause these children to end up in a psychiatric facility and then diagnosed with a mental disorder. According to research ,â€Å"one in 5 children has a diagnosable mental health or addictive disorders, and 2 in 10 has a serious emotional disturbance that significantly impairs functioning at school, at home and in the community† (Mellin, 2009, p. 501). It is suggested that the â€Å"prevalence of serious emotional disorders is higher among children who are in state custody than in the general population† (Lyons, 1997, p. 312). This is due to the risk factors involved prior to the children being placed into foster care and because of the separation from their biological families which have now created emotional and behavioral problems in the child’s life. The child’s behavior can become out of control and beyond what a therapeutic home can provide for. It is at this time that they are referred to the psychiatric hospital. These hospitals become a place of transition into a residential treatment facility. Once again, these children have endured yet another move. They have now been given a diagnosis that leaves them with the assumption that they are crazy and beyond repair. Many children end up with a dual diagnosis because of genetic disorders or childhood illness. One childhood illness that creates crisis in a child’s life is asthma and the â€Å"current prevalence of doctor-diagnosed childhood in the United States is estimated as 7%† (Nicholas, 2005, p. 245). Asthma causes recurring periods of wheezing (a whistling sound when you breathe), chest tightness, shortness of breath, and coughing. The coughing usually occurs at night or early in the morning. Children with asthma often have to reduce or limit their play due to their asthmatic symptoms. During an aggressive asthma attack, these children are not able to breath appropriately and are faced with a fear of death. It is for this reason that they must have an asthma action plan in place, take their prescribed medications, and live in a preventative environment. It is important for the families of children with asthma to create a safe and healthy environment for them to live in. This can be done by eliminating tobacco smoke, animal dander, using dust covers for bed mattresses, and making sure that the home is free from pest and rodents. These steps are prevention measures only, they do not eliminate the crisis the child can experience due to not being able to breathe appropriately. Children with asthma would benefit from therapeutic services while learning to cope with their childhood disease.

Religion and Beliefs in Myanmar Essay

Burma is a predominantly Theravada Buddhist country. An appreciation of Buddhism and its history in Myanmar is a prerequisite for outsiders wishing to better understand the Burmese mind. There are no totally reliable demographic statistics from Burma, but the following is an estimate of the religious composition of the country: Buddhists: 89% Animists: 1% Christians: 4% Muslims: 4% Hindus: 2% Most Myanmar are Buddhist of the Theravada stream. Central to their religious beliefs is karma, the concept that good begets good and evil begets evils. The ultimate aim in life according to Buddhist belief is to escape the cycle of rebirth and reach Nirvana. Meritorious deeds that will help a person to achieve Nirvana include giving donations (especially to monks) and abiding by the Five Precepts and practicing Bavana (meditation). Some Myanmar people, especially those from the rural areas, have many superstitions. Astrology, palmistry and clairvoyance are sometimes relied upon to make important decisions. These may include marriage, going into a business partnership, naming a baby, and others. To offset bad luck, certain meritorious deeds or yadaya may be performed such as setting free some live birds or animals, building a footbridge, or mending a road. Religion and Beliefs in MyanmarBurma is a predominantly Theravada Buddhist country. An appreciation of Buddhism and its history i n Myanmar is a prerequisite for outsiders wishing to better understand the Burmese mind. There are no totally reliable demographic statistics from Burma, but the following is an estimate of the religious composition of the country:Buddhists: 89%Animists: 1%Christians: 4%Muslims: 4%Hindus: 2%Most Myanmar are Buddhist of the Theravada stream. Central to their religious beliefs is karma, the concept that good begets good and evil begets evils. The ultimate aim in life according to Buddhist belief is to escape the cycle of rebirth and reach Nirvana. Meritorious deeds that will help a person to achieve Nirvana include giving donations (especially to monks) and abiding by the Five Precepts and practicing Bavana (meditation).Some Myanmar people, especially  those from the rural areas, have many superstitions. Astrology, palmistry and clairvoyance are sometimes relied upon to make important decisions. These may include marriage, going into a business partnership, naming a baby, and others. To offset bad luck, certain meritorious deeds or yadaya may be performed such as setting free some live birds or animals, building a footbridge, or mending a road. http://asia.isp.msu.edu/wbwoa/southeast_asia/burma/history.htm http://asia.isp.msu.edu/wbwoa/southeast_asia/burma/history.htm

Free Essays on World War 2

War is one of the most tragic things in our world today. It is even sadder that usually it comes around at least once in our lifetime. In the 20th century alone we have already had two huge wars. These wars were call the World Wars simply because they involved most of the big countries of the world. Many people have died in these wars, Especially the Second World War. That is my focus for this essay. The leader of Germany at the time of WW2 and the person who most think started WW2 was a man named Adolf Hitler. Adolf Hitler was born in Austria. By the time that World War 1 started in 1914, he was living in Germany. He served well in the German Army and for that he earned a medal for bravery. At the end of the war Hitler decided to take up politics. By 1921 he was already the founding leader of the Nazi party. Hitler was an incredibly racist man and he had a great hate for Jews. By 1933, Hitler gained political power by winning the election. Soon after he made himself absolute dictator, calling himself the Fuhrer, which means "Leader". By the end of the 30's he was already sending Jews off too concentration camps to meet a horrible death. I believe that Hitler was one of the greatest causes of World War 2. Although there are many other reasons, he was definitely one of them. Another reason was the Treaty of Versailles. This was the treaty that was signed at the end of World War 1. This treaty outlined the rules that Germany must follow because of their defeat by Britain and France. The treaty angered many Germans, for most of the rules in the treaty were unfair and Germany lost a great amount of wealth. One of the cruelest reasons for the war was Hitler's racist hate for Jews. He would send them off in cattle cars to places called concentration camps were they would be slaughtered by the thousands. World War 2 was huge and involved a lot of countries. There were thousands of battlefronts and war sites. The two main battlefronts ... Free Essays on World War 2 Free Essays on World War 2 War is one of the most tragic things in our world today. It is even sadder that usually it comes around at least once in our lifetime. In the 20th century alone we have already had two huge wars. These wars were call the World Wars simply because they involved most of the big countries of the world. Many people have died in these wars, Especially the Second World War. That is my focus for this essay. The leader of Germany at the time of WW2 and the person who most think started WW2 was a man named Adolf Hitler. Adolf Hitler was born in Austria. By the time that World War 1 started in 1914, he was living in Germany. He served well in the German Army and for that he earned a medal for bravery. At the end of the war Hitler decided to take up politics. By 1921 he was already the founding leader of the Nazi party. Hitler was an incredibly racist man and he had a great hate for Jews. By 1933, Hitler gained political power by winning the election. Soon after he made himself absolute dictator, calling himself the Fuhrer, which means "Leader". By the end of the 30's he was already sending Jews off too concentration camps to meet a horrible death. I believe that Hitler was one of the greatest causes of World War 2. Although there are many other reasons, he was definitely one of them. Another reason was the Treaty of Versailles. This was the treaty that was signed at the end of World War 1. This treaty outlined the rules that Germany must follow because of their defeat by Britain and France. The treaty angered many Germans, for most of the rules in the treaty were unfair and Germany lost a great amount of wealth. One of the cruelest reasons for the war was Hitler's racist hate for Jews. He would send them off in cattle cars to places called concentration camps were they would be slaughtered by the thousands. World War 2 was huge and involved a lot of countries. There were thousands of battlefronts and war sites. The two main battlefronts ...

Publishing Opportunities Continue to Grow

Publishing Opportunities Continue to Grow The debate between traditional and self publishing continues, sometimes becoming very heated. In the midst of this debate a new publishing opportunity has arisen called Cooperative Publishing, sometimes billed as a middle option between traditional and self publishing. Sidebar: According to the Small Business Association, sba.gov/content/cooperative, the definition of a cooperative business is â€Å"a business or organization owned A publishing cooperative, in its purest sense, includes a group of authors, editors, proofreaders and sometimes graphic designers and marketing experts, who join together to publish one another’s books. No one in the group receives a salary and they each receive royalties from the sales of the books. This is a fairly new business model for publishing that is growing in momentum around the country. One such coop is the Columbus Creative Cooperative http://columbuscoop.org/about_columbus_creative_cooperative.php in Columbus, Ohio led The CCC has grown to a larger model over the six years they have been together according to Pauquette. It’s decentralized with each person doing their own thing. No one receives a salary and they receive a percentage of the profits at the end of the year. In addition to the publishing opportunities CCC offers writing workshops, writing critique sessions and writing contests to develop their writing talents. Columbus Creative Cooperative publishes print and e-books and thus far has stayed with the anthology genre. Pauqette decides on a theme and announce the call for submissions; the paid members go through several layers of review until Pauquette makes the final decision on which stories will make the final cut for the book in process. Authors then sign a contract for the sales and profits for an equal share of the profits. Once the choices are made the book goes through the editing, proofreading and final production stage. The group has three different member levels, each with a different cost and having different benefits, all of which are explained on the website. Although there are not required responsibilities for the members Pauqette feels it works out fairly for everyone because, â€Å"You get back what you put in.† Pauqette says they sell their books through several local retailers such as coffee shops, restaurants, etc. as well as attending festivals. Their vendor program encourages authors to attend the festivals and to submit their other books for consideration to be included at local vendors, festivals and on the CCC website if accepted. They also offer a self publishing option for authors looking for a quality and affordable means to self publish their own books. CCC has no benefactors so our titles have to be successful in the book market. If we dont put out quality books that people want to buy, the cycle breaks down. Other publishing cooperatives include: Maine Authors Publishing maineauthorspublishing.com Book View Cafà © http://bookviewcafe.com/bookstore/about-book-view-cafe Vala Publishers valapublishers.coop/about-vala Word Branch Publishing wordbranch.com/faqs.html

Strategic Initiative Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Strategic Initiative Paper - Essay Example The higher current ratio than that of the industry implies that the company was able to improve its current assets, and reduce its current liabilities compared with the history of the industry. The company’s cash ratio remained relatively stable with other ratios recorded by companies in this industry at 0.3 (30%). This shows that the management was in a position to manage its cash assets and liabilities well, maintaining an equivalent ratio with that of the industry (Air investor 2014: A special supplement, 2014). The company’s operating margin ratio remained relatively stable at 0.08 (8%) compared with that of the industry which was recorded at 0.78 (7.8%). The stable operating margin meant that the company was able to generate enough income from sales that have aided the company’s business. The company’s profit margin ratio was recorded at 0.05 (5%) for the year 2012 and 2013 compared with that of the industry which was a little lower at 0.04 (4%) (2013 world airline report, 2013). This relatively higher profit margin shows that the company was able to gather reliable income from

International Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

International Marketing - Essay Example In 2000, FedEx came about and a proper functional team was made, even of its subsidiaries. In 2004, FedEx also acquired Kinko’s Inc in order to expand itself in the general public. (Pride, et al., 2011) A few of the services FedEx offers are as follows: FedEx Ground FedEx Express FedEx SmartPost FedEx Freight FedEx Custom Critical FedEx Trade Networks FedEx Corporate Services FedEx Supply Chain Services FedEx Tech Connect FedEx Office All these services aren’t offered in all areas however the majority are. FedEx competitors include ARAMEX, BAX Global, DHL Express, United Parcel Service and many others. (Gilbert, 2012) FedEx China and globalization impact on the industry Over 400 cities in China are reached by FedEx in the present day. FedEx provides businesses and customers both a chance to explore their portfolio of services such as e-commerce, business services and transportation. They offer integrated applications for businesses as well with the help of operating com panies. They also have the mark of a good company with honest and admirable employees and it has been focused on safety, ethics and the professional standards that need to be met to cater to the community and its customers. A Chinese retailer was finding it difficult to provide the customers with a fitting room experience in case they shopped online. And since online is the next big thing in the world today, this had to be figured out. FedEx Courier was the answer to the problem of the fitting room. FedEx delivers the order and they wait at the door while the customer tries on the clothes in the comfort of his home and if they wish to return it back, they simply have to hand it back to the courier service. And this was an opportunity that FedEx honed into since China has a huge population, furthermore around 1 million of that population has more that 1 million dollars of wealth and in this way, they have attracted the elite by providing them the best customer service there is to off er. So one of the questions comes to mind as to why has FedEx expanded to China and does major business operations there? China has been growing at a rapid rate over the years, probably one of the fastest in the world. It expands at a rate of around 9% per years and 20% of the world lives there. (Birla, 2005) China also has a purchasing power parity that is second highest in the world after US, which only makes more sense that FedEx expanded into China after it tapped into the US market. Globalization has reduced barriers and lead to a more interconnected world and so people demand goods and services from the influences of the outside world, more so than they did before. Their demands and their needs have changed over the years. China also hosts a US Embassy in Beijing and has four consulates over the country which helps businesses out by recommended trade professionals. US have also marked 14 cities in China which are the American Trading Centers. They import from USS and form 54% of the total imports which are growing at a rapid rate. Therefore US can also take advantage of this expansion. Globalization has helped to overcome barriers but has made protecting rights and tracking the developments in different markets a more difficult task. (Wetherbe, 1996) China also started creating economic zones and these encourage foreign direct investment and leads to flexible trading policies and incentives. China also offers

Blood and Treasure by Kris James Mitchener and Joseph Mason Article

Blood and Treasure by Kris James Mitchener and Joseph Mason - Article Example History demonstrates, after all, that the post-Great Depression government and Federal Reserve were wholly unsuccessful, and mostly unable, to time their exit strategy appropriately. The metaphor of blood and treasurer in Mitchener and Mason is an appropriate one in that it connects economics with society. The connection between the government and the economy has always been a controversial one, but at moments of crisis, it becomes apparent that the government feels responsible for aiding the economy by adopting economic policies. During the Great Depression, this took the form of minimizing inflation and lowering interest rates, which is very similar to the monetary policy in reaction to the current financial crisis. Both of these strategies intend to achieve an optimal point between too much and too little, where too little makes it appear that the government is ineffective at solving economic problems (i.e. lost treasure) and where too much leads to unemployment and losses in output (i.e. lost blood). In this article, the authors attempt to provide an account of not only providing emergency assistance for an economy from the perspective of policymakers but al so providing a framework for transitioning away from the policies that could harm long-term recovery. Ultimately, this account is useful, but it is not useful in building predictions. In their introduction, Mitchener and Mason introduce a concept more frequently heard in foreign policy than in economic studies: that of â€Å"exit strategy†. In this context, the term is meant to refer to the shift back to economic conditions like steady-state growth, which encompasses stability in inflation and government intervention in the economy.

Doping Behaviors and Prevention in Amateur Sport

Doping Behaviors and Prevention in Amateur Sport Abstract Based on previous research, the purpose of this paper is to give an overview on doping behaviors in amateur sport, actual prevention actions, and to propose a new perspective in doping prevention. Doping is not limited to elite athletes and is increasingly important among amateur athletes. To reduce doping in sport, it seems important to influence young athletes in primary prevention. To date, traditional doping prevention campaigns are ineffective. In recent years, a new model of prevention campaigns based on fear, coming from the Anglo-Saxon and Scandinavian countries, has been used notably in France (e.g., prevention campaigns for road safety, tobacco, alcohol, cancer). This â€Å"fear model† has scientific support and has shown a relatively small but still solid effect on attitudes, intentions and behaviors. The fight against doping would benefit from trying the â€Å"fear model† in prevention campaigns. Keywords: doping behaviors, doping prevention, fear appeals Based on previous research, the purpose of this paper is to give an overview of doping behaviors in amateur sport as well as actual prevention actions, and to propose a new perspective on doping prevention. Widespread Doping Behaviors among Amateur Athletes Doping is not limited to elite athletes but is widespread in society and is increasingly important among amateur athletes (Calfee Fadale, 2006; Laure, 1997; Lentillon-Kaestner Carstairs, 2010; Lentillon-Kaestner Ohl, 2011; Sagoe, Molde, Andreassen, 2014; Yesalis, Barsukiewicz, Kopstein, Bahrke, 1997). It is difficult to assess the extent of doping in amateur sport, nevertheless it exists. In his review on 44 studies, Laure (1997) estimated the prevalence of doping in children and adolescents participating in sport at 3 to 5% and in adults participating in amateur sports at 5 to 15%. In France, 6.7% of 8-18 year-olds approved doping in sport (Laure, 2000). Lentillon-Kaestner and Carstairs (2010) showed that young amateur cyclists (Under-23 category) were tempted by doping. The meta-analysis of Sagoe, Molde and Andreassen (2014) on 187 studies showed a global lifetime prevalence rate of anabolic-androgenic steroid use of 3.3 %. Doping varies according to various demographic parameters. It increases with age and can start before the age of 15 years (Laure, 1997; Sagoe et al., 2014). Doping is more widespread among boys than girls (Dunn Thomas, 2012; Laure, 2000); however, the gender gap is decreasing from 10 years old (Yesalis et al., 1997). Doping is more widespread among competitors, and it increases with the level of competition (Laure, 2000). Inefficiency of Current Doping Prevention Programs For several years, the fight against doping has mainly focused on the improvement of detection measures (drug tests), leaving aside measures of doping prevention (Backhouse, 2012; Ntoumanis, Ng, Barkoukis, Backhouse, 2014). To date, tested measures of doping prevention are rare, and doping prevention programs lack solid scientific background (Backhouse, 2012; Johnson, 2012; Ntoumanis et al., 2014). Traditional doping prevention campaigns are often ineffective. They describe substances’ side effects, try to persuade users of the ineffectiveness of performance enhancing substances or promote sports ethics (Barkoukis, 2014; Schaps, Bartolo, Moskowitz, al., 1981). The recent meta-analysis of Ntoumakis, Ng, Barkoukis and Backhouse (2014) showed that implemented anti-doping interventions lead to small changes in individuals’ attitudes towards and intention to engage in doping and had no effect on actual doping behaviors. It seems important to build innovative prevention int erventions that are based on solid scientific theory (Backhouse, 2012 ;Johnson, 2012). The Fear Model in Prevention Campaigns In recent years, a new model of prevention campaign based on fear and coming from the Anglo-Saxon and Scandinavian countries has been used notably in France (e.g., prevention campaigns for road safety, smoking, alcohol, cancer). Fear is conceptualized as a negative emotional reaction to a perceived threat. The purpose of the fear model is to show the consequences of an undesirable event (illness, accident, etc.) or to give more or less directly a glimpse of the following unhappiness aiming to bring an attitude change. The fear motivates actions to reduce negative emotion (Gallopel, 2006). In contrast to current measures of doping prevention, prevention strategies based on fear have scientific support (Moscato et al., 2001; Tay Watson, 2002; Witte Allen, 2000). Psychologists and researchers in marketing have tried to understand why a prevention campaign based on phobic emotion resulted sometimes in success (action) and sometimes in failure (defensive reactions). Various theories hav e been developed. The latest and most advanced theory about fear from a theoretical and empirical point of view (Witte Allen, 2000) is the Extended Parallel Process Model (EPPM) of Witte (1992) (Witte, 1992). In this model, individuals first assess the threat contained in the message. Perceived threat is a cognitive construct with two dimensions: perceived severity of the threat and one’s perceived susceptibility to the threat (Popova, 2011). In accordance with other meta-analyses, the meta-analysis of Witte and Allen (2000) suggested that the higher the fear level, the higher the persuasive impact of the message. If the threat is perceived as irrelevant or insignificant, the person is no longer motivated to process the message and simply ignores the fear. In contrast, when a threat is described as significant and relevant, people are frightened. The more people believe themselves vulnerable to a serious threat, the more they are motivated to start the second evaluation of t he recommendations’ effectiveness. The fear motivates the change in attitudes, intentions and behaviors, especially fear accompanied with highly effective messages. Perceived effectiveness comprises two dimensions: perceived response effectiveness (beliefs of how effective a response is in averting a threat) and perceived self-effectiveness (beliefs about one’s ability to carry out the recommended response) (Popova, 2011). Effective messages generating a strong fear encourage behavior change (i.e., danger control), while less effective messages generating a strong fear lead to defensive reactions (i.e., fear control) (Popova, 2011). According to Witte (1992), fear in health campaigns is far more useful to promote prevention behavior than to modify an existing behavior. Witte and Allen (2000) concluded, from their meta-analysis on 98 studies on prevention campaigns based on fear (e.g., sexuality, alcohol, road safety, tobacco), that fear would have a relatively small bu t constant effect on attitudes, intentions and behaviors. They also offered a series of recommendations for the implementation of prevention measures (Witte Allen, 2000). In addition, psychology studies on persuasion showed that a simple message was more persuasive in video than in written or audio forms (Girandola, 2003). The theory of self-affirmation (Steele, 1988) appears as a way to increase the effectiveness of prevention campaigns through a re-evaluation of the self-image, which reduces the defensive reactions and increases the acceptance of preventive message’s recommendations. The manipulation of self-affirmation may be achieved in different ways (e.g., values to rank in importance order, to write an essay on their most important value, to describe a very important thing in their lives) (Barkoukis, 2014). Research has shown that to secure the self through self-affirmation manipulation reduced defensive reactions to threatening health information (Sherman, Nelson, Steele, 2000) and positively influenced healthier behaviors (Harris, 2011). Through the self-affirmation process, prevention campaigns do not threaten the self-image of the person, but only the behavior is threatened (Sherman et al., 2000; Steele, 1988). New Perspectives in Doping Prevention Adolescence is a high-risk period for the development of doping behaviors. Performance enhancing drugs have adverse effects on health (Calfee Fadale, 2006; Maravelias, 2005), but young athletes are tempted by doping and are not afraid on the impact on their health (Lentillon-Kaestner, Hagger, Hardcastle, 2012). Young athletes are priority target as their doping attitudes are in formation and primary prevention seems to be a good solution to avoid the appearance of doping behaviors. To date, there do not exist any doping prevention videos based on fear induction. The fight against doping would benefit from trying fear in prevention campaigns for two main reasons. Firstly, although in recent years doping tests have progressed, preventive measures remain lacunar and should be improved. Secondly, doping prevention lacks standardized, effective and easy tools to use in the sport and academic domains. A doping prevention video could be used during sport events and competitions. Doping prevention is also a topic addressed in some school and university courses, particularly among young students following additional sport modules, or in sport universities. Teachers, often not specialists in doping, need help to address this difficult issue. The creation of a video based on fear could be a good preventive tool in the fight against doping in sport.

Essay examples --

The tenet of international relations study is the question of why wars occur. Political theorists have tackled this question with heated debate throughout history and in the post-World War II era the theories of democratic peace and realism have come to the forefront of international relations study. These two theories offer contrasting explanations for the reasons nations fight one another, and also seek to predict the likelihood of future conflict. The democratic peace theory, which concludes that democratic regimes do not go to war with one another as a result of their democratic nature, has attained the status of a law of international relations in some circles (Owen 1994, Doyle 1983). Utilizing an absence of conflict between democratic nations as the basis for the theory, Spiro identifies that proponents of Democratic Peace assert two aspects of the theory (Spiro, 1994). One is an institutional or structural belief, whereby such factors as public opinion, or checks and balances amongst the government constrain the likelihood of war. The other, is an ideological belief, whereby the liberal values of such regimes strive for peaceful interactions and constrain conflict. Democratic Peace Theory would therefore discredit the realist perspectives for interstate conflict which focus upon a sovereign state’s strategic interest within an anarchic world sphere. The theory has achieved status of dogma in many circles, but nevert heless has its share of critics who subscribe to the realist theory such as David Spiro and Bruce Russett. Realists challenge the relevance of the statistics on which democratic peace is founded, advocating a renewal of interest in realist international relations theory. Realists argue that world politics is dri... ... infrequent to deliver an empirical foundation for his conclusion. Likewise, the limitations placed upon the categories of war and democracy ignore that liberal states have disregarded mutual respect for democratic institutions and norms and authorized the use of force against another likeminded state. Doyle is cognizant of the limitations of his Democratic Peace Theory, stressing that protection of liberalism’s heritage of democratization may in fact ensure the adverse consequence of stimulating illiberal practices (Doyle, 1983). The significance of a peace theory which concludes its own underlying principles may actually engender belligerent behavior is questionable. Doyle’s Democratic Peace Theory offers an interesting starting point in the study of the relationship between democratic nations and conflict; however, his suppositions should not to be valued as law.

Action Potential Essay

What opens first in response to a threshold stimulus? Voltage Gated (activation gates) Na+ channels open and Na+ diffuses in the cytoplasm What characterizes depolarization, 1st phase of action potential? Membrane changes from a negative value to a positive value What characterizes repolarization, 2nd phase of action potential? Once the membrane depolarizes to a peak value of 30+, it repolarizes to to its negative resting value of -70 What event triggers the generation of an action potential? The membrane potential must depolarize from the resting voltage of -70 mV to a threshold value of -55 mV. ( This is the minimum value required to open enough voltage-gated Na+ channels so that depolarization is irreversible.) What is the first change to occur in response to a threshold stimulus? Voltage-gated Na+ channels change shape, and their activation gates open Resting State All gated Na+ and K+ channels are closed Step 2 Depolarization; Na+ Channels Open During the depolarization phase of the action potential, open Na+ channels allow Na+ ions to diffuse into the cell. This inward movement of positive charge makes the membrane potential more positive (less negative). The depolarization phase is a positive feedback cycle where open Na+ channels cause depolarization, which in turn causes more voltage-gated Na+ channels to open. Step 3 Repolarization; Na+ channels are inactivating and K+ Channels Open Step 4 Hyperpolarization; Some K+ channels remain open and Na+ channels reset How many gates/states do voltage gated Na+ channels have? two gates and three states Closed Na+ at the resting state, no Na+ enters the cell through them Opened Na+ opened by depolariztion, allowing Na+ to enter the cell Inactivated channels automatically blocked by inactivation gates soon after they open How many gates/states do voltage gated K+ channels have? one gate, two states Closed K+ at the resting state, no K+ leaves Opened K+ at depolarization, after delay, allowing K+ to leave Why is an action potential self-generating? depolarizing currents established by the influx of Na+ flow down the axon and trigger an action potential at the next segment The Na+ diffusing into the axon during the first phase of the action potential creates a depolarizing current that brings the next segment, or node, of the axon to threshold. Why does regeneration of the action potential occur in one direction, rather than in two directions? The inactivation gates of voltage-gated Na+ channels close in the node, or segment, that has just fired an action potential At the peak of the depolarization phase of the action potential, the inactivation gates close. Thus, the voltage-gated Na+ channels become absolutely refractory to another depolarizing stimulus. What changes occur to voltage-gated Na+ and K+ channels at the peak of depolarization? Inactivation gates of voltage-gated Na+ channels close, while activation gates of voltage-gated K+ channels open Closing of voltage-gated channels is time dependent. Typically, the inactivation gates of voltage-gated Na+ channels close about a millisecond after the activation gates open. At the same time, the activation gates of voltage-gated K+ channels open. What marks the end of the depolarization phase? As voltage-gated Na+ channels begin to inactivate, the membrane potential stops becoming more positive This marks the end of the depolarization phase of the action potential. Then, as voltage-gated K+ channels open, K+ ions rush out of the neuron, following their electrochemical gradient. This exit of positively-charged ions causes the interior of the cell to become more negative, repolarizing the membrane. The repolarization phase of the action potential, where voltage becomes more negative after the +30mV peak, is caused primarily by __________. The opening of voltage-gated K+ channels allows K+ ions to exit the cell, repolarizing the membrane. In other words, the exit of K+ ions makes the membrane potential more negative. K+ also exits through leakage channels during this phase because leakage channels are always active. However, most of the membrane permeability to K+ during this phase is due to voltage-gated channels. Voltage-gated K+ channels make the action potential more brief than it would otherwise be if only leakage channels were available to repolarize the membrane. During an action potential, hyperpolarization beyond (more negative to) the resting membrane potential is primarily due to __________. The large number of voltage-gated K+ channels opening during the repolarization phase quickly makes the membrane potential more negative as positively-charged K+ ions leave the cell. K+ ions continue to leave through open channels as the membrane potential passes (becomes more negative than) the resting potential. This hyperpolarization phase of the action potential is therefore due to K+ ions diffusing through voltage-gated K+ channels. The membrane potential remains more negative than the resting potential until voltage-gated K+ channels close. This period of hyperpolarization is important in relieving voltage-gated Na+ channels from inactivation, readying them for another action potential. During the hyperpolarization phase of the action potential, when the membrane potential is more negative than the resting membrane potential, what happens to voltage-gated ion channels? Voltage-gated K+ channels are opened by depolarization. This means that as the membrane potential repolarizes and then hyperpolarizes, these K+ channels close. With the closing of voltage-gated K+ channels, the membrane potential returns to the resting membrane potential via leakage channel activity. Resetting voltage-gated Na+ channels to the closed (but not inactivated) state prepares them for the next action potential. During the hyperpolarization phase of the action potential, voltage eventually returns to the resting membrane potential. What processes are primarily responsible for this return to the resting membrane potential? Voltage-gated K+ channels close. K+ and Na+ diffuse through leakage channels.

Amazon Case Analysis

The case Analysis Outline Introduction- Brief summary of the firm, officers, industry and location Problem identification: major problems to be resolved-use the 4ps model Swot Analysis: strengths: weakness: opportunities: threats Alternatives: strategic choices-solutions to the problems identified Analysis of alternatives: cost/benefit analysis of the solutions. Recommendation: best/optimal solution based on the cost/benefit analysis 1. Introduction Amazon began in 1994 created by Jeffrey Bezos a computer science and electrical engineering graduate from Princeton University.Amazon was created to be an online bookstore that would be customer friendly, be easy to navigate, provide buying advice, and offer the broadcast possible selection of books at low prices and submit product reviews. Bezo operated from his garage in Seattle. Bezo launched his online venture in 1995 with 7 million in borrowed capital. Because Amazon was one of the first major Internet or dot com retailers, it receiv ed a huge amount of free national publicity, and the new venture quickly attracted more and more book buyers. Amazon has a 200,000-square-foot warehouse and distribution center.Amazon employed a relatively small number of workers about 2500 worldwide. Amzon employees own over 10% of their company, a factor behind Amazon. com’s rapid growth. Amazon has pizza teams that are given considerable autonomy to develop their ideas and experiment without interference from managers. Those pizza teams come up with most of the innovation. 2. Problem identification Product- Amazon has a customer review section on its website so that a customer may display any problems that he or she has sustain with the Amazon product purchased. However maintaining the physical infrastructure to to obtain supplies of books from book publishers and then to stock, package and ship the books to customers were much higher than anticipated. Price- Amazon was at a competitive advantage with their low prices * Ma intaining the physical side of amazon’s value chain was the source of the greatest proportion of its operating cost, which were draining profitability even though Amazon was at a competitive advantage with their low prices. *Price competition was also heating up due to the other companies such as Barnes and Noble and Borders who were also selling books online. Place- Amazon place in the book selling market changed the industry forever since it was the first online book selling company. * People can purchase books from anywhere as long as they can use the internet. Promotion-Since Amazon was the first online book seller it received a lot of free publicity. * Amazon was able to capture customer’s attention and establish a first mover advantage. 3. SWOT Analysis Strengths- -First online Book selling website. -low pricing -purchase from anywhere -offers 1. 5 million books -product reviews * Weaknesses -operating costs * Oppurtunities -Global expansion -retailer -aquiring s mall companies -New software -Branching in new market segments * Threats -opposing companies -price wars Pressure on profit margins 4. Alternatives * Forging allies with other companies so that when customers wanted a purchase immediately they could pick it up from one of the alliance retailers such as office depot or circuit city. Continue being innovative with prices such as having buy one get one half off sales or reducing prices by certain percentages on particular days. 5. Analysis of Alternatives * Buy sharing profit with allies the high product stocking and distribution costs were avoided. * Profit sharing also turned the company from book seller to â€Å"leading internet product provider. 6. Recommendation Allow any small business that operate a website to become affiliated to amazon by putting a official Amazon hyperlink to Amazon’s website on its own website.