Superconductivity Essay example - 1635 Words

Superconductivity INTRODUCTION Weve all heard about superconductivity. But, do we all know what it is? How it works and what are its uses? To start talking about superconductivity, we must try to understand the how quot;normalquot; conductivity works. This will make it much easier to understand how the quot;superquot; part functions. In the following paragraphs, I will explain how superconductivity works, some of the current problems and some examples of its uses. CONDUCTIVITY Conductivity is the ability of a substance to carry electricity. Some substances like copper, aluminium, silver and gold do it very well. They are called conductors. Others conduct electricity partially and they are called semi-conductors. The concept of†¦show more content†¦The conducting wire is made of vibrating atoms called lattice. The higher the temperature, the more the lattice shakes making it harder for the electrons to travel through that wire. It becomes like a jungle full of obstacles. Some of the electrons will bump with the vibrating atoms and impurities and fly off in all directions and lose energy in form of heat. This is known as friction. This is where superconductivity comes into work. Inside a superconductor, the lattice and the impurities are still there, but their state is much different from that of an ordinary conductor. SUPERCONDUCTIVITY (Theory / history) Superconductivity was discovered in 1911 by Heike Kamerlingh Onnes, a Dutch physicist. It is the ability to conduct electricity without resistance and without loss. At that time, it took liquid helium to get extremely low temperatures to make a substance superconduct, around 4 kelvins. That wasnt very far from absolute Zero (The theoretical temperature at which the atoms and molecules of a substance lose all of their frantic heat-dependent energy and at which all resistance stops short.) Kelvin believed that electrons travelling in a conductor would come to a complete stop as the temperature got close to absolute zero. But others were not so sure. Kelvin was wrong. The colder it gets, the less the lattice shakes, making it easier for electrons to get through. Theres one theory that explains best what happens in a superconducting wire: When a conductor is cooledShow MoreRelated Superconductivity Essay2830 Words   |  12 Pages SUPERCONDUCTIVITY DEFINITION OF SUPERCONDUCTIVITY Superconductivity is a phenomenon displayed by certain conductors that show no resistance to the flow of electric current. Conductors are materials in which the electron current goes through. There are 4 different kinds of conductors. Insulators, like glass or wood, have a very high resistance to electron current while semi-conductors, such as silicon, have a medium resistance. Conductors, like copper and other metals, have very low resistanceRead More The Materials, Properties, and Theory of Superconductivity Essay1504 Words   |  7 PagesThe purpose of this paper is to examine the materials, properties, and theory of superconductivity, a quantum phenomenon that occurs when a material is brought below a critical temperature and will conduct electricity without any resistance, the nearest model in nature to perpetual motion. According to Ecks (1990), Once current is applied to a superconducting material the current will continue in a closed lope without ever losing intensity. (Ecks , 1990) Superconductive materials can greatly varyRead MoreNew Superconductors: Advances, Issues, Limitations Report by Amber Taylor CHME 5699 Dr. Laura1200 Words   |  5 Pagesconsidered for simplicity and relevancy. Introduction and Background Superconductivity was first discovered a century ago in 1908 by Dutch physicist Heike Onnes[1] and is defined in classical physics as â€Å"perfect conductivity† or exactly zero electrical resistance (figure 1). With the discovery of the Meissner Effect in 1933, a new theory of superconductivity was formulated by Fritz and Hein London in 1935 stating superconductivity is a state in which the magnetic field lines of a material are completelyRead MoreEssay about Superconductors1066 Words   |  5 PagesSuperconductivity is a property displayed by certain materials at very low temperatures. Metals and their alloys have been known to be superconductive (ex. Tin, aluminum) other materials that have also been found to be superconductive are ceramics which contain copper and oxygen atoms. Superconductors have a special property which is that they can conduct electricity without resistance which means that energy is not lost. Once in motion, energy can flow through a closed loop of superconductiveRead MoreAdvances in Superconductors and their Uses Essay563 Words   |  3 Pagesdiscoveries of other high-temperature superconductors that exhibit lossless electrical flow at temperatures up to 125 °K. Classical superconductivity (superconductivity at temperatures near absolute zero) is displayed by some metals, including zinc, magnesium, lead, gray tin, aluminum, mercury, and cadmium. Other metals, such as molybdenum, may exhibit superconductivity after high purification. Alloys (e.g., two parts of gold to one part of bismuth) and such compounds as tungsten carbide and lead sulfideRead MoreThe Impact Of Eigenvalues On The Electron Phonon Coupling Strength Of Indium And Its Binary Alloys841 Words   |  4 Pages Core energy eigenvalue, Non-local screened form factor, Harrison’s first principle pseudopotential. INTRODUCTION The electron-phonon coupling strength gives us the superconducting state parameter. The basis of a general quantum theory of superconductivity was given in the year 1957 by Bardeen, Cooper and Schrieffer [1]. After a decade McMillan developed this BCS theory by the concept of pseudopotential [2]. In the present work we have used Harrison s first principle pseudopotential techniqueRead More Physics of Superconductors Essay example1323 Words   |  6 Pagesgiven by the follwoing eqution: Bc ≈ Bc(0) * [1 - (T/Tc)^2] In the early 1900s a duch physicist by the name of Heike Kammerlingh Onnes (pictured above), discovered superconductivity. Before his discovery, Onnes had spent most of his scientific career studying extreme cold. The first step he took toward superconductivity was on July 10, 1908 when he liquified helium and cooled it to an astonishing 4 K, which is roughly the temperature of the background radiation in open space. Using this liquidRead Moresuperconductivity and maglev trains1506 Words   |  7 Pagesno resistance that means there is no loss in energy. Superconductivity creates much more energy than a normal conductor. If a current can be superconducting its flow of electricity will remain continuous. There are 2 types of Superconductors: Type I and Type II. Type I Superconductors are made from pure metals. Type I has a zero electricity resistivity, zero magnetic field, and critical magnetic field above which superconductivity stops. (hyperphysics) Type I Superconductors are oftenRead MoreElectrical Conductors vs Insulators2781 Words   |  12 Pagesit produces losses in the energy flowing through the material. Once set in motion, current will flow forever in a closed loop of superconducting material. If mercury is cooled below 4.1 K, it loses all electric resistance. This discovery of superconductivity by H. Kammerlingh Onnes in 1911 was followed by the observation of other metals which exhibit zero resistivity below a certain critical temperature (Tc). The fact that the resistance is zero has been demonstrated by sustaining currents in superconductingRead MoreAn Inside Look at Superconducting Qubits Essay2028 Words   |  9 Pagesthe capacitor can be simultaneously negative as well as positive. Also the current in the circuit through the inductor can be flowing in both directions at the same time. These are termed as macroscopic quantum coherence effects. 1.1.2 Superconductivity On lowering the temperature of some metals (materials) to a scale of few kelvins the electrons experience a net attractive force amongst themselves. This is attraction is phonon mediated. As a result of bonding between two electrons near

Cesar Chavez and the Chicano Civil Rights Movement

Cesar Chavez and the Chicano Civil Rights Movement Introduction In the mid-1960s thousands of Chicanos, people of Mexican descent, walked off the California grape fields in which they worked in protest of exploitation and poor working conditions. They wanted fair wages, better working conditions, and education for their children. They wanted all the opportunities that were extended to other Americans. Among the disgruntled employees was the soft-spoken Cà ©sar Chà ¡vez, who believed that his people’s plight could be resolved through the mechanism of non-violent protests. Chief among these mechanisms were his firm belief in fasting and non-violent strikes. These beliefs were the combined result of his childhood experiences, significant†¦show more content†¦In addition to their haphazard careers, the issue of racism and segregated schools also affected the quality of education received by Mexican American children. At school, the children were educated through the use of second-class equipment and by teachers who seldom took noti ce of the migrant children passing through. In addition to the attitude of indifference, Mexican American students were consistently barred from practicing their culture. For example, Chà ¡vez noted that he was prohibited from speaking Spanish, and students who disobeyed were made to wear a humiliating sign which declared that they were stupid simply because they spoke Spanish (64). Such acts of racism and the taunting received from Anglo students made the life of Mexican American students miserable. However, the most significant deterrent to the education of Mexican American students was the pressure to quit school in order to earn additional income for their families. For instance, even Chà ¡vez was forced to quit school at the end of the eighth grade to provide additional income for his family (The Rhetorical Career 13). According to Jensen and Hammerback, experiences such as these gave the young Cà ©sar Chà ¡vez a first-hand taste, feel, smell, and touch of the agony and injustices that characterized the life of his people (13). Moreover, these experiences and Cà ©sar’s tenure as a field worker impregnatedShow MoreRelatedRichard Aoki and The Black Power Movements1507 Words   |  7 Pages An individual who was developed from the black power movements, was Richard Aoki, a third generation Japanese American. He had spent time living in the internment camps as a child during the second world war. When he grew up, he became one of the founding members of the Black Pan ther Party, and the only Asian American to have held a formal leadership position as Field Marshall. He worked in the Black Panther party by arming them with weapons and training them in firearm usage. He continued hisRead MoreThe Chicano Subculture Essay635 Words   |  3 Pagesâ€Å"Im not Mexican. I am not American. I am not American in USA and Mexican in Mexico. I am Chicano everywhere. I do not have to assimilate anything. I have my own history†, stated the writer and novelist Carlos Fuentes. The Chicano subculture is the mixture of the Mexican and the American cultures. This subculture has its own history and unique characterizations that make it stand out. According to the Merriam Webster dictonary the word subculture is defined as â€Å"a group that has beliefs and behaviorsRead MoreThe Mexican American Battle For Civil Rights1510 Words   |  7 PagesMarcela Duarte Professor Ramirez Government 2306 November 20, 2015 Chicano Rights The Mexican American battle for civil rights has been long and difficult but alas necessary. Can you imagine living in a prejudice environment and as consequence not being able to exercise your rights as a citizen? The past notion of minorities not having the same rights as the anglo majorities is simply absurd. The injustice that Mexican Americans have experienced in the past is undeniably discriminatory. JusticeRead MoreAnalysis Of Sal Castro And Maria Tula s Hear My Testimony1698 Words   |  7 Pageslarger political pictures. Cesar Chavez was a civil rights activist who organized the earliest Chicano movements. In an essay by Jorge Mariscal, Chavez’s political ideology is explained, â€Å"At its very core was the principle of ‘militant nonviolence.’...the phrase retains a commitment to social change but disassociates that commitment from aggression against other individuals†(Jorge Mariscal, â€Å"Cà ©sar: Cà ©sar Chà ¡vez in the Chicano Movement†). This quote demonstrates that chavez wanted things to change becauseRead MoreMexican Civit Rights Movement 1940s Vs Chicano Movement 1960s592 Words   |  2 PagesOne of the many similarities about the Mexican American Civil Rights movements and the Chicano Movement in the 60s- 70s is that they fought for what they believed they had a right to have. Many in the 1940’s and in the 1960’s stepped up to show their loyalty to the United States by joining the military and sadly manly lost their lives during World Wa r II and the Vietnam War. They were many Mexican Americans who were stationed in infantry and many dangerous areas during the war. They all fought withRead MoreThe Revolt Of The Cockroach People1917 Words   |  8 Pagesdiverted, and adapted into what people chose to identify as. The rise of the Chicano identity during the Mexican American Civil Rights Movement was an adaptation as a culture to oppressive and unjust treatment from white, Anglos that had almost all political and social power over all minorities. To stop the oppressive voices from silencing and oppressing the Mexican Americans, they had to stand up to fight for their rights as American citizens that also had Mexican or Spanish heritage to be proud ofRead MoreThe Chicano Movement Of The United States987 Words   |  4 PagesDuring the late sixties and early seventies, a Mexican - American movement was taking place in the United States, The Chicano movement. This movement takes place because of the Mexican American so ciety s suppression in the country. Indeed, during the years, 1966 to 1981 was a period where the Mexican American society was looking for equality and justice from the Government of the United States. In fact, they will start to organize their own communities, where the Government will accept their newRead MoreThe Chicano Movement : A Unique, Dramatic, And Multifaceted Social Struggle Of Affirmation1756 Words   |  8 Pagesthe Chicano community undertook a unique, dramatic, and multifaceted social struggle of affirmation. This historic phase became more and more varied and complex then previous struggles (Maciel, 2010). Mexican Americans took movement, defined and took pride in their own identity, asserted their civil rights, worked toward self-determination by improving their financial, social, and political circumstances. â€Å"Similar to other movements of this period promoting civil rights, the Chicano movement madeRead More The Chicano Movement: Struggles, Goals, and Accomplishments Essay examples1537 Words   |  7 PagesIn American history, civil rights movements have played a major role for many ethnics in the United States and have shape American society to what it is today. The impact of civil rights movements is tremendous and to an extent, they accomplish the objectives that the groups of people set out to achieve. The Mexican-American Civil Rights Movement, more commonly known as the Chicano Movement or El Movimiento, was one of the many movements in the United States that set out to obtain equality for Mexican-AmericansRead MoreHispanic Groups in USA Essay1502 Words   |  7 Pagest he Mexican American Civil Rights movement spearheaded by Mendoza, V. â€Å"†¦Reies Là ³pez Tijerina and the land grant movement, is picked up by Rodolfo Corky Gonzales in Denver who defines the meaning of Chicano through his epic poem I am Joaquin, embraces Cà ©sar Chà ¡vez and the farm workers†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (2000). The movement as defined by Mendoza, V. â€Å"The Mexican American Civil Rights Movement†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"†¦encompassed a broad cross section of issues—from restoration of land grants, to farm workers rights, to enhanced education

Love Canal Environmental Disaster Essay Research Paper free essay sample

Love Canal- Environmental Disaster Essay, Research Paper Love Canal Love? s Model City The Model City ( melody of Yankee Doodle ) Everybody? s semen to town, They? R edifice now a great large ditch, Those left we all do commiseration, Through soil and stone so farinaceous, For we? ll have a jolly clip, They say? twill make all really rich At Love? s new Motel City Who live in Model City This narrative I tell is no less true, Our male childs are bright and good to make, Though in a cockamamie ditty, Our misss are smart and reasonably, They give free sites and power excessively, They can non assist it nor could you, In Love? s new Model City If you lived in Model City Then come and fall in our earnest set, All who are wise and witty, Here? s out bosom and here? s our manus, To construct the Model metropolis. Water is a necessity for life. Throughout the growing of civilisation, communities sprang up near the border of waterways. Runing rivers and standing lakes provided clean imbibing H2O, nutrient and energy for people. It was running H2O that set the cogwheels working in the caput of the magnetic enterpriser William. T. Love. In 1890? s, Love saw a 20000 acre community in Niagara county as his secret plan for his Utopian? Model City? . Love? s Model City would be located 7.5 stat mis off from Niagara River. A power canal seven stat mis long would link the town with the upper and lower degrees of Niagara River The channeled H2O would be lead to the Lewiston escarpment which would make a mini Niagara Falls therefore making a major power beginning for the Model City. Page 2 This would make a great sum of hydroelectric power in a clip which mills must be located near their power beginning. In January 1893, William Love went to Albany to politick for a charter for his theoretical account metropolis. He did so by turn toing both the senate and the assembly in a joint session, a first for a private citizen. A really broad charter was granted which gave him the right to? get by disapprobation any necessary belongingss? . ( 27, Zweig ) Love gained the fiscal backup from banking giants in New York, Chicago and London. ( 25, Zweig ) With the charter now in manus, Love extensively promoted his theoretical account metropolis through ads, handbills and even? brass bands playing his original ditty. ? ( 2, Love Canal Report ) Manufacturers rapidly lined up to open workss along the canal. May 1894, building in the LaSalle country began. The proposed canal would be 80ft widex30ft deep. 3,000 pess was excavated when Love? s dream collapsed. A fiscal depression hit the state in 1896, detering the necessary fiscal angels. This was the most important factor explicating the undertakings death. Another factor had Ts do with the power beginning. Louis Tesh discovered a manner to convey electrical current economically over a distance utilizing jumping current. Now factories did non hold to pay for expensive secret plans of land near power beginnings. His angels deserted him ; the staying land was auctioned in 1910. The lone remain of Love? s dream Model City was a partly built canal. Several decennaries afterwards, it served as a swimming hole for the kids of the LaSalle territory. ( 6, Love Canal Report ) In the 1920? s it became a dumping and municipal disposal site, Page 3 ? chemicals of an unknown sort and measure were buried at the site for 25-30 twelvemonth period until 1953? ( 3, Love Canal Report ) Within 50 old ages, love canal went from being a magnetic enterprisers dream to a toxic homo and environmental catastrophe and the fingers and statute law point straight at the dump trucks. It is estimated that love canal received 22000 tones of chemical waste. ( 44, Zweig ) The four chief dump trucks was the metropolis of Niagara, Hooker Electrochemical Co, Niagara Power and Development Corp. , and the Army, under the screen of a ceramics works. The Army owned the Niagara Falls Chemical Warfare Plant, which used the screen of a ceramics works at the clip. Production merely of one individual merchandise that was a substance called? impregnite? . Once sprayed on apparels, the stuff was impermeable from chemical warfare emanations. Ironically, they were fabricating a substance to protect human existences from toxic chemical contact while their dumping helped seed the seeds for another toxic chemical catastrophe. Even during the clip the works was in operation, pollutants from the workss were spewed out into the air. Chlorine and acetic acid was the chief waste merchandise that efficaciously defoliated all the nearby trees. Although in the 1940? s emanations were mostly unregulated, the community continued to kick. It wasn? T until the mill operation was complete that smoke stack scrubbers were ordered. ( 122, Zweig ) The shit was so filled in with soil and sold by the metropolis of Niagara to contractors for a $ 1. ( Stoss ) In the late 1950? s place edifice began. Thirty old ages after Page 4 dumping, 100 places were built around the canal and an simple school was built on top. ? And so the rain? s came? ? ( 2, Love Canal Report ) In 1975-76, heavy precipitation drenched the country. Parts of the landfill subsided uncovering 55-gallon membranophones. Basements began to seep black oily liquids and a chemical olfactory property seemed to pervade the town with beginnings from their cellars. Corrosion was apparent on concrete cellar walls and managed to destruct most of the plumbing. In 1977 ailments poured into the Health Department about chemical odors wafting through the walls for their cellars. In the early spring of 1978, the State Department of Health and Environmental Conservation and the Environmental protection bureau began an intensive sampling of the air, dirt and groundwater. They concluded that Love Canal was a? public wellness clip bomb? ( 6, Love canal study ) April 1978 ; both bureaus gathered plenty informations to name Love Canal? ? an highly serious menace to the wellness and public assistance of the people? ( 6, Love Canal Report ) The information gathered identified 80 chemical compounds in the site samples. ? Eleven of these are known or suspected of doing cancerous growing in research lab animate beings, and one # 8211 ; benzene # 8211 ; is a good established human carcinogen. ? ( 11, Love Canal Report ) The listing of chemicals has some kind of consequence on all of adult male? s physiologic systems. The chronic effects range from, anaemia, sightlessness, hearing loss, respiratory hurt, and liver tumours to decease. Acute effects of most chemicals present include paroxysms, cardinal nervous depression, skin annoyances, hepatitis, GI harm and liver harm. ( 12, Love Canal Report ) Page 5 The places were categorized into pealing 1 and pealing 2 places. Ringing 1 being the places at the border of the canal and pealing 2 places around the margin. The cellar proving reveals a lower chemicals level in the outlying places. In the ring 1 places, merely 5 % were contaminate free compared to 55 % of pealing 2 places. The dirt samples and progressive air samples show some migration due south. ( 15, Love Canal Report ) The Health Departments selected four wellness indexs: abortions, birth defects, liver map, and blood quicksilver degrees. The quicksilver degrees were normal in all consequences. Chemicals that were present in the country contribute to the function of malignant neoplastic disease or liver harm. During the Pre-natal period, the babes had a alone susceptibleness to the chemicals. Womans in the south subdivision particularly had a high rate of birth defects, 3.4 times higher than the remainder of the state. The kids of love canal were hit the hardest. Many died of failed liver map, leukaemia and being stillborn. To day of the month 41 kids have died to associate chemical exposure. Page 6 The program of action was to relocate the community. Even before the probe was complete, the Department of Transportation existent estate experts were happening new places. In 1978, the subdivision of Love Canal had 97 households, 230 pupils and 134 kids. The simple school had an registration of 410 pupils. Within two old ages, the places in pealing 1 and 2 have alternate places provided by the authorities, although some people chose to remain. In 1980, Congress passed the Superfund Act making an bureau to clean up toxic waste sites and punish those responsible. Love Canal had a great influence over this act. Love canal may non be the worst toxic instance or the first but it was the most publized. It grabbed headlines and stimulated the attending of scientists, industrial leaders, politicians, attorneies, authorities officals, householders and grassroots militants. ( Stoss ) The quite unusual stoping for Love Canal is that people are traveling back into the country. The country had some redress. Today the waterway is buried off under a plastic line drive, clay and surface soil. Love canal itself is fenced away. The EPA has declared the country safe and places are now being resold. The name of the town has changed to Black Creek Village. ( Tuchman ) The new abodes really feel safe in the country, claiming they live in the most environmentally tested community. Resident Trudy Christmas said, ? This is the most tried piece of existent estate in the United States? . ( Tuchman ) She goes on stating that many people wear? t even know the wellness hazards around them, at least she knows. The site of kids running about troubles many former Love Canal abodes that returns to see. Many of them still have fresh lesions from watching their serious and fatally sick kids Page 7 seeking to hold on on to life. Love canal may hold a new name, it may be contained but fictile interruptions. Soil caps have leaks. It may be true that we are populating around chemicals everyplace but I would prefer to remain manner from countries that contains 22000 tones of potentially deadly chemicals that are buried in my backyard. It? s another clip bomb waiting to go on. Work Sited Stoss, Fredrick. ? Love Canal: Reminder Why we Celebrate Earth Day? 1998. Online. University at Buffalo. Internet. Available: Library.ucsb.edu/ish/00~spring/article2.html Tuchman, Gary. ? CNN- Despite Toxic History, Residents Return to Love Canal? 1998. Online. CNN. Internet. Available: cnn.com/US/9808/07/love.canal/ United States. Department of Health. Love Canal Report: Public Health Time Bomb New York: 1980 Zweig, Micheal. United States. The Assembly State of New York. The Federal Connection: A history of the US Military Involvement in the Toxic Contamination of Love Canal and the Niagara Frontier part. Volume 1. New York: January, 1981

Swot Analysis Fist in Show Pet Food Inc free essay sample

There is significant lack of awareness of Show Circuit’s brand outside of show-dog kennels. Show-dog customers are likely to visit Pet Superstores/Veterinarians; affecting market share of approximately 26%, meaning that Show Circuit will lose out on these customers because of lack of or no freezer space at these locations (stores)| With a budget of $500,000 to $700,000 the company is significantly dwarfed by its competitors who are problematic especially if the competition increases its budget in light of new product competition. The Late Night TV show (Letterman) creates further budgetary problems for the company which pays a fortune to be on the show. Because of this large expenditure a significant amount of the target market will be excluded. | R/D is necessary to identify and usher in the next wave of lucrative development as people and products diminish in interest and competition respectively. There is new research being conducted to explore new product line for the already identified target market, which means the company has to stay current in R/D in order to increase sales. We will write a custom essay sample on Swot Analysis Fist in Show Pet Food Inc or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Market Segmentation is a determining factor for First in Show Pet Foods Inc, the company can fail due to Market Segmentation because the target market which brings in $25, 000 per year are likely to shop elsewhere, such as Wal-Mat which many pet owners frequent. | Shoppers/Customers may be turned off by high prices being displayed as they grocery shop, because Show Circuit’s prices are among the highest for dog foods especially at Boston supermarkets.Some products are not well known and some are unknown to shoppers which means shoppers who visit the pet food area will miss out because Show Circuit frozen food section is along the human food section. | External Opportunities and Threats SWOT| Economic| Competition| ConsumerTrends| IndustryMarket Share| Regulatory Requirements| External Opportunities| The Market is worth $10 Billion (2009) at Manufactures price. 50% of dogs in the US are fed food that is prepared, and 50% of the dog food market is unknown or unexplored to the public.As dog ownership grows, purchasing of high quality products will increase especially as dog owners incorporate their pets into the family. | Five major competitors exist and only three of the five have inside supermarket operations. The competition has basically relied on dry, canned, and dog treats, which gives First in Show an opportunity to grow and excel as the company of choice offering frozen dog food. | The trend indicates that consumers are willing to spend money on their pets which they accepts as part of the family, a trend which has been on the rise since 2006, and which continues to rise.This means that the market will become more define d as consumers continue to purchase dogs and choose the right food them. This is an untapped market which is becoming more defined with time. | 100% of dog food sales in supermarkets are focused on dry, canned, specialty dog treats. Current market share of frozen dog food is relatively 0%. Only five companies control the dog food market which amounts to 75% combined.